A set of sounds and symbols that are used for communication.

Mutual intelligibility

Ability of two people to understand each other when speaking.

The variant of a language that a country’s political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life.

Variants of a standard language along regional or ethic lines.

A group of contiguous dialects where the dialects nearest to each other geographically are the most similar and the dialects farther apart are least similar.

A geographic boundary where linguistic features occur.

Group of languages with a shared but distant origin.

Divisions within a language family where commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent.

A word in one language that shares its origin with a word in another language. Cognates have similar meanings and spellings and show shared origins and connections among languages.

Process where discrete, new languages are eventually formed from one language. Happens when people speaking two dialects of a language are relatively isolated from each other and have little spatial interaction; the opposite of language convergence.

Backward reconstruction

Tracking sound shifts and hardening consonants backward to uncover an original language.

Process where discrete, new languages are eventually formed from one language. Happens when people speaking two dialects of a language are relatively isolated from each other and have little spatial interaction; the opposite of language convergence.

Language without any native speakers.

Idea that early speakers of Proto-Indo-European left the hearth area and moved westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues.

The theory that the Proto-Indo-European language spread with the diffusion of agriculture.

A language used in everyday interaction among a group of people in a local area.

Language used for trade or cultural interaction among people who speak different languages.

Combination of two or more languages in a simplified structure and vocabulary.

A language that began as a pidgin language and was later adopted as the mother tongue of a people.

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Chapter 6 Vocabulary

Term	Definition
Language	A set of sounds and symbols that are used for communication.
Mutual intelligibility	Ability of two people to understand each other when speaking.
Standard language	The variant of a language that a country’s political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life.
Dialect	Variants of a standard language along regional or ethic lines.
Dialect chain	A group of contiguous dialects where the dialects nearest to each other geographically are the most similar and the dialects farther apart are least similar.
Isogloss	A geographic boundary where linguistic features occur.
Language family	Group of languages with a shared but distant origin.
Language subfamilies	Divisions within a language family where commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent.
Cognate	A word in one language that shares its origin with a word in another language. Cognates have similar meanings and spellings and show shared origins and connections among languages.
Language divergence	Process where discrete, new languages are eventually formed from one language. Happens when people speaking two dialects of a language are relatively isolated from each other and have little spatial interaction; the opposite of language convergence.
Backward reconstruction	Tracking sound shifts and hardening consonants backward to uncover an original language.
Language convergence	Process where discrete, new languages are eventually formed from one language. Happens when people speaking two dialects of a language are relatively isolated from each other and have little spatial interaction; the opposite of language convergence.
Extinct language	Language without any native speakers.
Conquest Theory	Idea that early speakers of Proto-Indo-European left the hearth area and moved westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues.
Agriculture Theory	The theory that the Proto-Indo-European language spread with the diffusion of agriculture.
Vernacular	A language used in everyday interaction among a group of people in a local area.
Lingua franca	Language used for trade or cultural interaction among people who speak different languages.
Pidgin language	Combination of two or more languages in a simplified structure and vocabulary.
Creole language	A language that began as a pidgin language and was later adopted as the mother tongue of a people.
Toponym	Place name.

Created by: Jayson_Holt

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