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Chapter 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Language | A set of sounds and symbols that are used for communication |
| Mutual intelligibility | Ability of two people to understand each other when speaking |
| Standard language | The variant of a language that a country's political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life |
| Dialect | Variant of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines |
| Dialect chain | A group of contiguous dialects where the dialects nearest to each other geographically are the most similar and the dialects father apart are least similar |
| Isogloss | A geographic boundary where linguistic features occur |
| Language family | Group of languages with a shared but distant origin |
| language subfamilies | Divisions within a language family where commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent |
| cognate | A word in one language that shares its origin with a word in another language. They have similar meanings and spellings and show shared origins and connections among languages |
| language divergence | Process where discrete, new languages are eventually formed from one language. happens when people speaking two dialects of a language are relatively isolated from each other and have little spatial interaction; the opposite of language convergence |
| backward reconstruction | Tracking sound shifts and hardening consonants backward to uncover an original language |
| language convergence | Process where two languages collapse into one language. Happens when people speaking two languages have frequent and consistent spatial interaction with each other; the opposite of language convergence |
| extinct language | Language with no native speakers |
| conquest theory | Idea that early speakers of Proto-Indo- European left the hearth area and moved westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues |
| Agricultural theory | The theory that Proto-Indo European language spread with the diffusion of agriculture |
| Vernacular | A language used in everyday interaction among a group of people in a local area |
| Lingua franca | Language used for trade or cultural interaction among people who speak different language |
| Pidgin language | Combination of two or more languages in a simplified structure and vocabulary |
| Creole language | A language that began as a pidgin language and was later adopted as the mother tongue of a people. |
| toponym | Place name |
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