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Chap. 24 - Humans
Chapter 24 - Microbial Symbioses with Humans
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is a microbiome | a functional collection of different microbes in a particular environmental system |
| (not a question) different microhabitats support different microbes. Therefore the microbiota in the skin will be different than the microbes in the mouth | |
| the human and the microbiota that inhabit it are called | supraorganism |
| (not a question) there is roughly same, to 10X the number of normal body cells compromising the supraorganism | |
| some future benefits of understanding the human microbiome | development of biomarkers for predicting predisposition to diseases, designing targeted therapies, and personalized drug therapies and probiotics |
| why is it difficult to study the microbiota in the human supraorganism | most Bacteria in the supraorganism of the human microbiome cannot be easily cultured; many of these organisms require specific growth environments that are hard to replicate |
| describe the guts and diets of humans | humans are monogastric, and are omnivorous |
| how do microbes affect the human gut throughout | they can effect early development, general health, and an individuals predisposition for disease |
| when does gut colonization begin for humans | gut colonization begins at birth for humans |
| what are some anatomical structures in the human gastrointestinal tract | stomach, small intestine, and large intestine |
| what is the human GI tract responsible for | digestion of food, absorption of nutrient, and production of nutrients by the indigenous microbial flora |
| microbial populations of the GI tract are influenced by | diet and physical conditions in the area |
| what is the approximate pH of the stomach and the duodenum if the small intestine | approx. 2 pH |
| why is it important to know the pH of the stomach and the beginning of the small intestine | the low pH (acidic conditions) may prevent many organisms from colonizing this area of the GI tract |
| a healthy stomach (does/does not) have a rich microbiome | despite the highly acidic conditions of the stomach id DOES have a rich microbiome in healthy humans |
| what are the three common genera in the gastric fluid | Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria |
| what are the common genera in the mucus layer of the stomach | Firmicutes and Proteobacteria |
| Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) was first discovered in _______________ | 1980 |
| H. pylori is found in nearly ____________, the rest ______ percent of human stomachs | 50% |
| where in the GI tract is H. pylori found | the gastric mucosa |
| the large intestine is an _______________ fermentation vessel, | in vivo |
| describe the function of the microbiota in the colon | use the nutrients derived from the digestion of food |
| most organisms are restricted to the ________________________ of the large intestine, while others are in the ____________________- | most are in the LUMEN, the rest are in the MUCOSAL layers |
| what are the three major bacterial classes that ~98% of the human gut phylotypes | Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria |
| in humans a higher number of Firmicutes in the gut are associated with | higher body weights |
| an enterotype is | a bacteriological ecosystems |
| name the three basic enterotypes in the human gut | 1) enriched in Bacteroides, 2) enriched in Prevotella, 3) enriched in ruminococcus |
| what is the function of the microbiota in the human gut | vitamin production, modification of steroids, and amino acid biosynthesis |
| what types of vitamins are produced in human gut by bacteria | Thiamin, riboflavin, pyroxine, B12, K |
| what amino acids are synthesized by bacterium in the gut | asparagin, glutamate, methionine, tryptophan, lysine, and mor |
| what gases are produced by the bacteria in the gut | CO2, CH4, H2 |
| what odors are produced by bacteria in the human gut | H2S, NH3, amines, indole, skatole, butyric acid |
| what organic acids are produced by bacteria in the gut | acetic, propionic, butyric acids |
| what are the glycosidase reactions that are occurring in the gut | Beta- Glucuronidase, Beta- galactosidase, beta, glucosidase, alpha-glucosidase, alpha-galactosidase |
| (not a question) saliva contains antimicrobial enzymes | |
| high concentrations of nutrients near the surface of the oral cavity promote | localized microbial growth |
| name the anatomy of the tooth | mineral matrix (enamel), surrounding the living tissue, the dentin, and the pulp |
| describe the microenvironment of the upper respiratory tract | microbes thrive in the upper respiratory tract, the bacteria continually enters through the air during breathing, |
| most bacteria in the upper respiratory tract are trapped in the ______________________ ; which intern is expelled with nasal secretions or swallowed then killed in the ____________________ | mucus; stomach |
| (not a question) the lower respiratory tract does not contain normal microbiota in healthy adults | |
| what can cause potential pathogens in the urethra , in turn causing diseases | altered conditions |
| what are the two main disease causing bacteria that invade the urogenital tract | Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis |
| describe the environment in the female's vagina | weakly acidic and contains significant glycogen |
| __________________________________ is a resident organism in the vagina, where it ferments glycogen producing lactic acid | Lactobacillus acidophilus |
| the lactic acid in the vagina __________________ | maintains a local acidic environment that prevents colonization by pathogens |
| (not a question) there are approximately million resident bacteria per square centimeter of skin, for a total of about 10^10 skin microorganisms covering the average adult | |
| (not a question) the skin surface varies greatly in chemical composition and moisture content | |
| name the three microenvironments | 1) dry skin, 2) moist skin, 3) sebaceous skin |
| what is skin composition influenced by | environmental factors, host factors, the microbiota in each microenvironment |
| colonization of the gut begins | at birth |
| during vagina birth, the bacteria is transferred | from the mother |
| what is the importance of early colonization of infants | they are a source of vitamins and tend to be facultative than other obligate anaerobes |
Created by:
kandriot
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