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Chapter 07
Sociology 3e
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| conflict theory | a theory that examines social and economic factors as the causes of criminal deviance |
| control theory | a theory that states social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society |
| corporate crime | crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment |
| corrections system | the system tasked with supervising individuals who have been arrested for, convicted of, or sentenced for criminal offenses |
| court | a system that has the authority to make decisions based on law |
| crime | a behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions |
| criminal justice system | an organization that exists to enforce a legal code |
| cultural deviance theory | a theory that suggest conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime |
| deviance | a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms |
| differential association theory | a theory that states individuals learn deviant behaviors from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance |
| formal sanctions | sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced |
| hate crimes | attacks based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics |
| informal sanctions | sanctions that occur in face-to-face interactions |
| labeling theory | the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society |
| legal code | codes that maintain formal social control through laws |
| master status | a label that describes the chief characteristics of an individual |
| negative sanctions | punishment for violating norms |
| nonviolent crimes | crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or the threat of force |
| police | a civil force in charge of regulating laws and public order at a federal, state, or community level |
| positive sanctions | rewards given for conforming to norms |
| power elite | a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources |
| primary deviance | a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual's self-image or interactions with others |
| sanctions | the means of enforcing rules |
| secondary deviance | deviance that occurs when a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society |
| self-report study | a collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods, such as questionnaires or telephone interviews |
| social control | the regulation and enforcement of norms |
| social disorganization theory | a theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control |
| social order | an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society's members base their daily lives |
| strain theory | a theory that addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptale means to reach those goals |
| street crime | crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually in public spaces |
| victimless crime | activities against the law, but that do not result in injury to any individual other than the person who engages in them |
| violent crimes | crimes based on the use of force or the threat of force |
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