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Chapter 06
Sociology 3e
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| aggregate | a collection of people who exist in the same place at the same time, but who don’t interact or share a sense of identity |
| authoritarian leader | a leader who issues orders and assigns tasks |
| bureaucracies | formal organizations characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality |
| category | people who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way |
| clear division of labor | the fact that each individual in a bureaucracy has a specialized task to perform |
| coercive organizations | organizations that people do not voluntarily join, such as prison or mental hospital |
| conformity | the extent to which an individual complies with with group or societal norms |
| democratic leader | a leader who encourages group participation and consensus-building before moving into action |
| dyad | a two-member group |
| explicit rules | the types of rules in a bureaucracy, rules that are outlined, recorded, and standardized |
| expressive function | a group function that serves an emotional need |
| expressive leader | a leader who is concerned with process and with ensuring everyone's emotional well being |
| formal organizations | large, impersonal organizations |
| group | any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share some sense of identity |
| hierarchy of authority | a clear chain of command from a professional situation |
| impersonality | the removal of personal feelings from a professional situation |
| in-group | a group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of his identity |
| instrumental function | being oriented toward a task or goal |
| instrumental leader | a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks |
| Iron Rule of Oligarchy | the theory that an organization is ruled by a few elites rather through collaboration |
| laissez-faire leader | a hands-off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions |
| McDonaldization of Society | the increasing presence of the fast food business model in common social institutions |
| meritocracy | a bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on merit-proven and documented skills |
| normative or voluntary organizations | organizations that people join to pursue shared interests or because they provide some intangible rewards |
| out-group | a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with |
| primary group | small, informal groups of people who are closest to us |
| reference groups | groups to which an individual compares herself |
| secondary groups | larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited |
| total institution | an organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs |
| triad | a three-member group |
| utilitarian organizations | organizations that are joined to fill a specific material need |
| leadership function | the main focus or goal of a leader |
| leadership style | the style a leader uses to achieve goals or elicit action from group members |
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