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Chap 16 - Diversity
Diversity of Bacteria
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| name the four phyla of the Bacteria domain | 1) proterobacteria, 2) Actinobacteria, 3) firmicutes, 4) bacteroidetes |
| _____________ is the largest and most metabolically divers phylum, it includes more than 1/3 of characterized species, all gram-negative | proteobacteria |
| name the six classes of the proteobacteria phylum | 1) Alpha, 2) Beta, 3) Delta, 4) Gamma, 5) Epsilon, 6) Zeta |
| this class of the proteobacteria includes __________________: this class has ten (six major) orders, the organisms are oligotrophic, obligate/facultative aerobes, and nearly 1000 species | alphaproteobacteria |
| name the six major orders under alphaproteobacteria | 1) rhizobiales, 2) rickettsiales, 3) rhodobacterales, 4) rhodospirialles, 5) caulobacterales, 6) sphingomonadales |
| key generas of the Rhizobiales | bartonella, methylobacterium, pelagibacter, rhizobium, agrobacterium |
| the _____________ order is the largest and most metabolically diverse, nine of their genera contain rhizobia | Rhizobiales |
| describe the motabolism(s) of the organisms in the Rhizobiales order | phototrophs, chemolithotrophs, symboints, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, pathogens, and chemoorganotrophs |
| what are rhizobia | a collection of genera that forms root nodules and fix nitrogen in symbiotic association with legumes |
| rhizobia are typically _____________________ and _______________________ aerorbes | chemoorganotrophs and obligate aerobes |
| _________________________ distributes the ability of rhizobiato form nodules | horizontal gene transfer |
| what is another term for Rhizobium radiobacter | Argobacterium tumefaciens |
| Argobacterium tumefaciens cannot form ______________ are closely related to Rhizobiales but cause __________________ disease | nodules; crown gall disease |
| gall formation genes (are/are not) related to nodules formation genes | gall formation genes and nodule formation genes ARE NOT related |
| "pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs" | methylobacterium |
| where are methylobacterium found | on plants, in soil, freshwater systems (in toilets and showers) |
| intracellular pathogens mediated by arthopod vectors | bartonella |
| P______________________ ubique; an oligotrphic aerobic chemoorganotroph that grows in ocean photic zones | Pelagibacter |
| the _____________ is the most abundand bacterial species on Earth | P. ubique |
| describe the typical metabolism of Pelagibacter | typically they are chemoorganotrophs and obligate aerobes |
| key genera in Rickettsiales are | rickettsia and wolbachia |
| describe the metabolisms of most rickettsiales | they are obligate intracellular parasites or mutualists of animals |
| rickettsiales have not yet been cultured in absence of host cells; therefore what is normally used in a lab setting to grow members of this order | chicken eggs or host cell tissue culture |
| what type of human diseases does Rickettsia cause | Typhus and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever |
| how is Rickettsia transmitted | ticks, fleas, lice, and mites |
| Rhizobiales and Rickettsiales are orders under which phylum | Rhizobiales and Rickettsiales are orders of ALPHABROTEOBACTERIA |
| Describe Rhodobacterales and Rhodospirillales | purple nonsulfur bacteria, aerobic an oxygenic phototrophs, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, denitrifiers, methylotrophs, magnetotatic bacteria |
| which Alphaproteobacteria order is oligotrophic and strictly aerobid chemoorganotrophs | Caulobacterales |
| Caulobacterals form __________________ or stalks | prosthecea |
| (not a question) Caulobacterales divide asymmetrically | |
| describe the metabolisms of sphingomonadales | divers aerobic and facultatively aerobic chemoorganotrophs, aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs, and few obligate anaerobes |
| Sphingomonadales are most notable for | their ability to metabolize organic compounds including aromatic environmental contaminants (bioremediation) |
| name the six major orders under betaproteobacteria | burkholeriales, hhydrogenophilales, methylophilales, neisseriales, nitrosomonadales, rhodocyclales |
| what is the key genus in Burkolderiales | Burkholderia |
| describe the metabolism of Burkholderia | strict respiratory chemoorganotrophs, all species grow aerobically (some can grow anaerobically, some can fix nitrogen) |
| what species of Burkholderia is pathogenic, opportunistic hospital-aquired infections in humans, but can produce antifungal and antinematodal compounds | B. cepacia |
| what are the key generas in the Rhodocyclales order | rhodocyclus and zoogloea |
| this is a member of the Rhodocyclales order, it is a purple nonsulfur bacterium, that grows best as a photoheterotroph. however, it can also grow s a photoautotroph and grow by respiration | rhodocyclus |
| describ the metabolism of a zooloea | it is an aerobic chemoorganotroph that produces a thick capsulcausing flocculation (settling out of solution) |
| which Rhodocyclales is important in aerobic wastewater treatment | Zooloea |
| name the key genera in the Neisseriales order | Chromobacterium and Neisseria |
| describe the type of metabolism exhibited by most members of the Neisseriales order | diverse chemoorganotrophes |
| this genera of the Neisseriales ordere is commonly isolated from animals, some can be pathogenic. but it is always cocci | Neisseria |
| describe Chromobacterium | members of the Neisseria order, they are rod-shaped, facultative aerobe, some species produce antimicrobial and anctioxidant pigment called violacein |
| name the type of pigment that is found in the Chromobacterium genera | violacein |
| Hydrogenophilales, methyophilales, nitrosomondales orders are all part of what phylum | hydrogenophilales, methylophilales, and nitrocomonadales are all part of the BETAPROTEOBACTERIA phyla |
| name three Betaproteobacteria orders that have fairly specialized metabolic capabilities including chemolithotrophs and metylotrophs. But most are obligate aerobes and autotrophs | Hydrogenophilales, methylophilales, and Nitrosomadales |
| describe the metabolism of the Hydrogenophilus thermoluteolus | it is an obligate aerobe that can grow as a chemolithotroph using H2 for respiration, it is also chemoorganotrophic on simble carbon sources |
| what is the metabolism of Methylophiles | obligate and facultative methylotrophs |
| Nitrosomonadales have a chemolithotrophic metabolism. What major chemical do they metabolize | Nitrosomonadales oxidize ammonia |
| name to of the major chemolithotrophic ammonia oxidizers in the Nitroxomondales order | Nitrosomona and Nitrospira |
| what is the largest and most diverse class of the Proteobacteria | Gammaproteobacteria |
| this order is a member of the Gammaproteobacteria phylum and is known as enteric bacteria | Enterobacteriales |
| describe the characteristics of the enterobacteriales | facultative aerobic, gram-negative, nonsporulating rods, that are sometimes made motile by peritrichous flagella |
| what kind of tests are used to discriminated enteric from other bacteria | oxidase (negative) and catalase (positive) tests |
| describe the nutritional requirements, metabolism, and end products of Enterobacteriales | Enterobacteriales have relatively simple nutritional requirements, they can ferment simple sugars and have a variety of end products |
| (not a question) many Enterobacteriales are pathogenic and many are industrially important bacteria | |
| Enteric bacteria can be separated into two broad groups by the type and proportion of fermentation products generated by anaerobic fermentation of glucose | Mixed acid fermentation and 2,3 butanediol fermentation |
| in _______________________ fermentation the main products include acetic, lactic, and succinic acid formed in significant amount: ethanol, Co2, and H2 are also formed with Co@ and H2 in equal amounts via formate hydrogenlyase | Mixed-acid fermentation |
| name some Enterobacteriales members that use Mixed-acid fermentation | Escherichia, Salmonella, Shingella, cirtobacter, Proteus, Yersinia |
| what are the main products of 2,3-butanediol fermentation | Butanediol, ethanol, CO2, H2 are main products and smaller amounts of acids are produced |
| name some members of the Enterobacteriales that use the 2,3-butanediol fermentation | Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Erwinia, Serratia |
| what type of fermentation does Proteus take part in | Proteus is an Mixed-Acid Fermenter |
| describe the characteristics of the Proteus | Mixed-acid fermenter, highly motile, produces urease, distantly related to E. coli, frequent cause of UTI's in humans, and capable of swarming |
| describe swarming | when looking at a Petri dish, the capability of microorganisms to created concentric rings around food |
| Enterobacter aerogenes are typically found where | water, sewage, and the intestinal tract in warm-blooded animals |
| what type of infection can E. aerogenes cause in humans | UTI's |
| Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumonia) occasionally causes what pathogen | pneumonia |
| where is K. pneumoniae normally found and what is the metabolism of most strains | most strains fix nitrogen and are found in soil and water |
| Serratia forms a red pyrrole-containing pigments called ____________________ | prodigionsins |
| where are Serratia normally found | water, soil,, and intestinal tracts of insects and vertebrates |
| (not a question) Serratia may cause infection | |
| describe the pseudomonadales metabolism | aerobic respiratory chemoorganotrophs |
| in an oxidase test, the Pseudomonadale would test (positive/negative) and in the catalase test is would test (positive/negative) | Pseudomonadales are POSITIVE for Oxidase and POSITIVE for Catalase |
| some Pseudomonadales can respire anaerobically with ______________ and an electron acceptor | Nitate |
| Pseudomonadales are pathogenic in (animals only/plants only/both) | Pseudomonadales are pathogenic in BOTH animals and plants |
| describe the characteristics of pseudomonad: | gram-negativ, polarly flagellated, aerobic rod that uses divers carbon sources |
| Pseudomona aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) are associated with what pathogens | opportunistic urinary and respiratory disease |
| which Pseudomonas are associated with plant pathogens | P. syringae and P. marginalis |
| describe the metabolism of Vibrionales | facultatively aerobic rods and curved rods that ferment, and are mostly aquadic |
| in an oxidase test Vibrionales test | Vibrionales test POSITIVE in an Oxidase test |
| Vibriona cholera (V. cholera) causes _______________ in humans , but not in other hosts | Cholera |
| Vibriona parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) causes ________________ in humans | gastroenteritis |
| name some of the key generas of the Deltaproteobacteria | Bdellovibrio, Myxococcus, Desulfovibrio, Geobacter, Syntrophobacter |
| name the bacterial predators in the Deltaproteobacteria phyla | Myxococcales and Bdellovibrionales |
| name the metal and sulfur reducers in the Deltaproteobacteria phyla | Desulfuromonadales, Desulfovibrionales, Desulfobacterales, Desulfarculales, Syntrophobacterales |
| name the key genera in the Epsilonproteobacteria, these microorganisms have important ecological roles | Campylobacter, Helicobacter |
| these genera are members of the Epsilonproteobacteria, they are gram-negative, oxidase and catalase positive and motile spirilla | Campylobacter and Helicobacter are gram-negative, oxidase and catalase positive, and motile spirilla |
| Campylobacter and Helicobacter (are/are not) pathogenic to humans and animals | Campylobacter and Helicobacter ARE pathogenic to humans and animals |
| describe the Campylobacter and Helicobacter metabolism | Campylobacter and Helicobacter hare microaerophilic |
| in humans, Campylobacter causes what pathogenic disease | gastroenteritis resulting in bloody diarrhea |
| Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) causes what pathogenic disease in humans | chronic and acute gastritis and peptic ulcers |
| This member of the Epsilonproteobacteria is non-pathogenic, free-living microaerophiles that live in freshwater and marine habitats | Sulfurospirillium |
| in anaerobic respiration, Sulfurospirillium uses what elements as an electron acceptors | sulfur, selenite, and arsenate |
| this Epsilonproteobacteria, is an anaerobic bacterium that is isolated from bovine (cow) rumen (first division of the stomach) | Wolinella |
| what elements does Wolinella use as electron acceptors | furmarate or nitrate |
| what elements are electron donors in Wolinella | H2 of formate |
| what types of rRNA doe Epsilonproteobacteria have | 16S |
| where can Epsilonproteobacteria be found | ubiquitous in marine and terrestrial environments where sulfur-cycling is ongoing |
| Name the key genera of Lactobacillales | Lactobacillus and Streptococcus |
| Lactobacillus and Streptococcus are bacteria that are fermentative and produce what product | lactic acid |
| what are the industrial functions of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus | food production and preservation |
| describe some characteristics of the Lactobacillales | nonsporulating, oxidase and catalase negative rods or cocci, that are exclusively fermentative, they obtain energy only by substrate-level phosphorylation |
| what are Aerotolerant anaerobes | not sensitive to oxygen |
| what is a Homofermentative Lactobacillale | a Lactobacillale that produces only lactic acid |
| what is a Heterofrementative Lactobacillale | a Lactobacillale that produces ethanol, CO2, and lactate |
| describe the Lactobasillus bacteria | rod-shaped and grow in chains, they are common in dairy products, and they are resistant to acidic conditions (can grow in a pH=4) |
| Streptococcus/Lactococcus are (heterofermentative/homofermentative) coccoid lactic acid bacteria | Lactococcus/Staphococcus are HOMOFERMENTATIVE coccoid lactic acid bacteria |
| Streptococcus grow in chains or tetrads that are important in.... | buttermilk production, silage, and other fermented products and can form dental cavities |
| Lactococcus is significant in which food | Lactococcus is significant in DAIRY |
| Enterococcus originates where | feces |
| Peptococcus and Peptostreptococcus are obligate anaerobes that ferment ___________________ instead of sugar | proteins |
| there are two groups of Streptococci the ______________ which cause strep throat and _______________ which cause dental caries | pyogenes (Strep throat) and viridans (S. mutans) |
| Leuconostoc are (homofermentative/heterofermentative) and produce flavors (diacetly and acetoin) | Leuconostoc are HETEROFERMENTATIVE |
| the genus Listeria, are in the order of | Bacillales |
| Where is Listeria found | mostly in soil, opportunistic pathogens that cause foodborne illness |
| describe some characteristics of Listeria | gram-positive, catalase positive rod-shape, facultatively aerobic chemoorganotrophs |
| what types of temperatures will Listeria grow at | low temperatures (like refrigerated foods) |
| describe the metabolism of Staphylococcus | facultative aerobe that respires but can ferment |
| how does Staphylococcus grow | Stafphylococcus grows in clusters |
| what are some characteristics of Staphylococcus | catalase-positive (which distiguish it from Stroptococcus and lactic acid bacteria), they are resistant to reduced water potential and tolerated drying and high salt, gram-positive, many are pigmented, |
| (not a question) Staphylococcus are common commensals and parasites of humans and animals that occasionally cause serious infections | |
| name a couple of notable Staphylococcus species | S. epidermidis and S. aureus |
| what is the metabolism of Sarcina | obligate anaerobes |
| what are some characteristics of Sarcina | catalase negative, divides into three perpendicular planes, extremely acid tolerant (pH=2) |
| where can Sarcina inhabit | stomachs in monogastric animals |
| what is the significance of Sarcina dividing in three perpendicular planes | it gives rise to packets of eight or more cells |
| all endospore-forming bacteria are in the genus (genera) | Bacillales and Clostridiales |
| how are Clostridiales and Bacillales distinguished | on the basis of cell morphology, shape and cellular position of endospore, and relationship to O2, and energy metabolism |
| where are Bacillales and Clostridiales usually found | Bacillales and Clostridiales are found in soil |
| (not a question) Pathogenic species are saprophytic and infect animals incidentally | |
| why are endospores advantageous | because of various nutrient levels, temperature, and water activity |
| Bacillus and Paenibacillus produce _______________________ that breakdown polymers (i.e. polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and lipids_ | hydrolytic enzymes |
| (not a question) many bacilli produce antibiotics | |
| the types of proteins produced by Paenibacillus popilliea and Bacillus thuringiensis kill ________________ | insects |
| Clostridium lacks a respiratory chain, so how does it produce ATP | substrate level phosphorylation |
| describe the metabolism of Saccharolytic | Saccharolytic ferments sugars |
| describe the metabolism of Proteolytic | Proteolytic ferments amino acids or amino acid pairs (Strickland reactions) |
| Clostridium are usually found where | anaerobic pockets in the soil or mammalian intesinal tracts |
| pathogenic Clostridium cause | botulism, tetanus, and gangrene |
| Sporosarcina are unique among endospore formers because _______________ | the cells are cocci instead of rods |
| describe the characteristics of Sporosarcina | cocci cells (spherical to oval), strictly aerobic |
| the major species of Sporosarcina is ____________ which is very alkaline-tolerant | Sporosarcina ureae (S. ureae) |
| name the key genera of the Tenericutes | Mycoplasma and Spiroplasma |
| some characteristics of the Tenericutes (The Mycoplasmas) | they lack cell walls (gram-negative), some of the smallest organisms , best characterized group is Mycoplasma, related to Firmicutes, live in close association with animal and plant hosts, small genome |
| what are some properties of mycoplasmas | absence of cell walls, resistant to osmotic lysis, contain sterols (make cytoplasmic membranes more stable than others), some contain lipoglycans (which stabilize cytoplasmic membrane and facilitate attachment to receptors) |
| how do mycoplasma colonies grow (what do they resemble) | look like "fried eggs" |
| what are some of the metabolisms of mycoplasmas | strict aerobes, facultative aerobes, and obligate aerobes, media for culture is typically quite complex |
| describe the characteristics of Spiroplasma | helical or spiral-shaped cells, without a cell wall and flagella, use rotary/screw-like/undulating motility, isolated from ticks hemolymph and gut of insects, vascular plants and insects that feed on these fluids and plant surfaces, can cause diseases |
| name some key genera of Actinobacteria | anthrobacter, cornebacterium, propionibacterium |
| describe the characteristics of actinobateria | rod-shaped to filamentous, usually aerobic inhabitants of soil/plants, mlostly harmless commensals with the exception of Mycobacterium, |
| Coryneform bacteria is part of which class of bacteria | Actinobacteria |
| describe some of the characteristics of Coryneform bacteria | gram-positive, aerobic, non-motil, rod-shapped, formed club-shaped, irregularly shaped, or V-shaped (snapping division cell arrangements |
| describe Corynebacterium | extremely diverse, including animal and plants pathogens and saprophytes and some pathogens |
| describe Arthrobacter | member of the Coryneform bacteria, primarily in soils, conversion from rod to coccus and back, resistant to desiccation and starvation |
| where was Propionic acid bacteria first discovered | Swiss cheese by Robert Koch |
| describe Propionic acid bacteria characteristics | gram-positive anaerobes that ferment lactic acid, carbs, and polyhydroxy alcohols. they have metabolic strategy called secondary fermentation |
| what is secondary fermentation | a form of obtaining energy from fermation produces produced by other bacteria |
| describe the characteristics of Mycobacterium | common in soils, mostly harmless, Pathogens include TB, rod-shaped, exhibited acid-fastness (mycolic acids) |
| Mycobacterium is not readily Gram stained because of _________________________________ | high surface lipid content |
| Mycobacterium is separated into two groups; name them | slow-growing and fast-growing |
| describe the colonies of Mycobacterium | tight, compact, and wrinkled |
| the virulent of Mycobacterium _________________________ is correlated to cordlike structure | tuberculosis |
| the cordlike structure related to _______________ glycolipid on cell surface of Mycobacterium | cord factor |
| Actinomycetes are filamentous, aerobic gram-________________ bacteria common in soil | Actinomycetes are gram-POSITIVE |
| Actinomycetes produce __________________ (filaments), forming _______________ analogous to mycelium of fungi | hyphae (filaments) and mycelium |
| Aerial hyphae of Actinomycetes spores for _____________ and ____________ | survival and dispersal |
| Streptomyces have over ___________ species | 500 |
| Streptomyces spores are called ________________ | conidia |
| describe the ecology of Streptomyces | found in soil, responsible for earthy odor (geosmin) |
| _________% of all isolated Streptomyces produce antibiotics, | 50% |
| about how many distinct antibiotics are produced by Streptomyces | over 500 antibiotics are produced by Streptomyces |
| Genomes of Streptomyces are (large/small) | Streptomyces genomes are LARGE |
| describe the characteristics of Bacteriodales | primarily obligately anaerobe fermenters, commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals, dominant bacterium in humans, can also be associated with bacteremia |
| what is bacteremia | bacteria in blood |
| what is the function of Bacteriodes thetaiotaomicron (B. thetaiotaomicron) | to degrade polysaccharides in human intestines. synthesize sphingolipids (abundant in mammalian tissue) |
| describe Flavobacterials and Sphingobacteriales | typically anaerobic and facultatively aerobic chemoorganotrophs, gram-negative, saccharolytic rods moves by gliding, found mostly in soils and aquatic habitates |
| describe the Flavobacterium | found primarily in aquatic environments and food/food-processing plants, mostly obligate aerobes, frequently yellow pigmented, rarely pathogenic |
| Flavobacterium meningosepticum (F. meningosepticum) are pathogenic and can infect ____________________________ | infant humans and several fish |
| what type of temperature do some Flavobacteriales and Sphingobacterials grow at | psychrophilic or psychrotolerant |
| describe some characteristics of Sphingobacteriales | phenotypically similar to Flavobacteriales, able to degrade a wide range of complex polysaccharides, requires complex media for growth and is not cellulolytic, common in soil and freshwater, and pathogenic |
| how is Sphingobacteriales different from Cytophaga because | it requireds a complex media for laboratory growth that is not cellulolytic |
| describe Clamydiae | obligate intracellular parasites of eukaryotes, small cocci with distinct developmental cycle, small genomes |
| name the two types of Chlamydiae | elementary body and reticulate body |
| describe the elementary body cells of Chlamydiae | small, dense cell resistant to drying and means of dispersal |
| describe the reticulate body cells of Chlamydiae | vegetative form divides by binary fission |
| Parachlamydia acanthamoebae mostly infects __________________, can also weakly infect humans | free-living ameobae |
| what is the best studied human species of Chlamydiae (what is the common name for it) | Chlamydiae and Chlamydophila |
| Chlamydophila psittaci causes | psittacosis in birds and humans |
| Chlamida trachomatis causes | blindness in humans and STD's |
| what are the molecular and metabolic properties of Chlamydiae | biochemically limited, some eukaryotic genes, could experience horizontal transfer from host to bacterium |
| describe some characteristics of Planctomycetes | gram-negative, divide by budding (stalked or appendaged), cells arranged in rosettes, have S-layer in cell envelope, contain intracellular compartments resembling eukaryotic organells |
| describe the compartmentalization in Planctomycete | they produce a structure enclosed by a nonunit membrane called a pirellulosome containing a nucleoid, ribosomes, and other cytoplasmic components |
| describe the compartmentalization in Gemmata | nucleoid is surrounded by invaginations of cell membrane |
| the ______________________ found in Brocadia anammoxidans catalyzes anaerobic oxidation of ammonia | Annammoxosome |
| describe the metabolism of Verrucomicrobia | aerobic to facultative aerobic bacteria that ferments sugars |
| what is the metabolism of the Methylacidiphilum | aerobic methanotrophs |
| Verrucomicrobia can be symbiotic with ______________ | protists |
| where do Verrucomicrobia inhabic | freshwater and marine environments as well as forest/agricultural soils |
| Prostecobacter contain two genes homologous to ______________ genes in eukaryotes | tublin-encoding |
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