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Chapter 2 Vocab
AP Human Geography
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Demography | The study of general population trends |
| Population density | Number of people per unit area of land |
| Arithmetic population density | Number of people per unit area of land. In order to calculate: Divide the population of an area by the amount of land (in sq miles or sq km) |
| Population distribution | Description of spatial distribution of people, including where large numbers of people live closely together and where few people live |
| Dot maps | Thematic map where individual symbols represent a certain number of cases of a phenomenon. An example is where one dot represents 100,000 people |
| Megalopolis | An urban agglomeration that stretches from Washington, D.C. in the south to Boston, Massachusetts in the north |
| Natural increase rate | Difference between number of births and deaths in a year. Positive if births exceed deaths and negative if deaths exceed births. It does not include emigration and immigration. |
| Crude birth rate (CBR) | Number of live births per 1000 people among a population in an area in a year. |
| Crude death rate (CDR) | Number of deaths per 1000 people among a population in an area in a year. |
| Contraceptive prevalence rate | Percent of women who are currently using or have a sexual partner who is using a method of contraception. |
| Doubling time | Time required for a population to double in size. |
| Total fertility rate (TFR) | The average number of children born to a woman of child-bearing age. |
| Old-age dependency ratio | Number of people 65 years of age or older for every 100 people between the ages of 15-64 (working age population). |
| Child dependency ratio | Number of people between the ages of 0 and 14 for every 100 people between the ages of 15-64 (working age population). |
| Population composition | Structure of a population in terms of age, sex, and other properties such as marital status and education. |
| Population pyramids | Graphic representations of the age and sex composition of a population |
| Demographic transition | Observation that a country’s birth rate and death rate change in predictable ways over stages of economic development. The model is based on population change in Western Europe. |
| Zero population growth | A state in which a population is maintained at a constant level because the number of deaths is exactly offset by the number of births. |
| Infant mortality rate (IMR) | Probability per 1000 live births that a child will die before reaching the age of 1 year old. |
| Life expectancy | The average number of years that a person is expected to live. |
| Epidemiological transition | Change in the pattern of mortality in a society from high mortality among infants (including malnutrition and diarrheal disease) and periods of widespread famine to high mortality from degenerative diseases which coincide with longer life expectancies. |
| Infectious diseases | Diseases that are spread by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Infectious diseases diffuse directly or indirectly from human to human. |
| Degenerative diseases | Generally long-lasting afflictions, now more common because of longer life expectancies. |
| Genetic or inherited diseases | Diseases caused by variation or mutation of a gene or group of genes in humans. |
| Malaria | Vectored disease spread by a certain type of mosquitoes. |
| Expansive population policies | Government policies designed to encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth. |
| Eugenic population policies | Government policies designed to limit population growth among a certain group of people. |
| Restrictive population policies | Government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural population increase (also called antinatalist) |