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Industrialization
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe how the development of steel refining affected the U.S. industry. | helped build thousands of miles of railroad track, helped build the nation's first skyscrapers, helped with the construction of barbed wire and helped in the building of farm machinery |
| Describe how the development of oil refining affected the U.S. industry. | allowed the first lamps to be lit with kerosene, allowed for the development of gasoline, which allowed the first automobiles to run |
| Recount the innovations that were made in transportation. | |
| Recount the innovations that were made in transportation. (cont.) | |
| Explain how innovations in communications technology changed business practices and daily life in the United States | The invention of the typewriter and telephone helped in office work, creating new jobs for many women who previously had to work in the home. |
| Explain how innovations in communications technology changed business practices and daily life in the United States (cont.) | These inventions a impact on factory work, as well as jobs that traditionally had been done at home because goods could now be mass-produced in factories. This created a need for numerous workers, many of whom were women. |
| Discuss how the invention of the light bulb profoundly changed American life. | Electrical power was widely produced and distributed, Allowed for the use of time-saving home appliances |
| Discuss how the invention of the light bulb profoundly changed American life.(cont.) | Caused urban transportation to become cheap and efficient, Allowed plants to be located wherever manufacturers wanted them to be located |
| Discuss the methods used by big business to become successful (Laissez Faire Capitalism) | "hands free" or government hands off of business (Businesses could operate however they wanted to), Frequent boom to bust cycles, No laws to protect workers, no regulations, no laws governing business |
| Discuss the methods used by big business to become successful. (Combined Corporations) | Mergers – two or more corporations unite, Trust -combination of firms or corporations that reduced competition and controlled prices throughout a business or an industry |
| Discuss the methods used by big business to become successful. (Vertical Integration) | a process by which suppliers were bought out in order to control raw materials and transportation systems, were involved on every level of production from raw materials to distribution, Often became monopolies, for they would run every aspect of operation |
| Discuss the methods used by big business to become successful. (Horizontal Integration) | companies producing similar products merge, it was absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production |
| Monopolies | A corporate conglomeration of businesses into one single entity that does harmful things and takes away the ability for consumers to have choices. Monopolies root out competition and allow companies to control politics as well |
| Social Darwinism | Based on Charles Darwin's "survival of the fittest". Those that deserved and were strongest would become wealthy and those that were poor were obviously not fit enough to survive. This allowed the rich 1% of the population to gain a lot of wealth |
| Andrew Carnagie | Had a rags to riches story. Was an example of living the “American Dream”, took a risk and invested all his money into the Bessemer process |
| U.S. Steel | A Holding Company (owned all the companies that made steel) that sold stock and used the money to buy control of companies that were making steel. |
| U.S. Steel background | Andrew Carnegie wanted his company to grow, but had small amount of money, so he had people invest in his company and if his company became successful, investors would get money back |
| John D. Rockefeller | Controlled the standard oil trust, made his oil cheaper than local oil companies, forced companies out of the market and once he took control of the market, he would increase his prices, used a trust to gain total control of the oil industry in America |
| Standard Oil Trust | Joined with competing companies in trust agreements, Originally horizontally integrated later became vertically integrated |
| Robber Barrons (One opinion of successful businessmen) | Cruel and ruthless businessmen who would stop at nothing to achieve great wealth. They exploited workers (bad working conditions/ low wages) |
| Captain of Industry (Another opinion of successful businessmen) | ingenious and industrious leaders, they were praised for their skills and were big philanthropists (did a lot for charity) |
| Bessemer Process (Henry Bessemer and William Kelly) | Process by which steel was made out of iron by injecting air into molten iron, Allowed steel to be mass produced, Allowed for the construction of many of the first public buildings, such as skyscrapers, bridges, etc. |
| Trust Agreement | An arrangement where people turned their stock over to a group of people who ran separate companies as one large corporation. In return, the companies were entitled to dividends on profits earned by the trust. Trusts were not legal mergers. |
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act | Act passed that made any form of trusts illegal in the United States. However, the act was very vague and was impossible to enforce. |
| Describe the difficult conditions under which people worked during the late 1800s. | Americans felt they were socially and economically dislocated, Wages continually went down as there was a higher demand for jobs, which caused people to struggle to support their families |
| Describe the difficult conditions under which people worked during the late 1800s (cont.) | People had to work extremely long hours everyday, in dangerous conditions, accidents were very common in the work force, but when they occured, companies denied allegations and refused to take safety precautions |
| Second Industrial Revolution | The shape and size of American Industry Changes, we surpass European competitors (iron and coal => steel ), focuses on oil and Steel, Leads to re-organization of businesses (monopolies/trusts) |
| Incandescent Light bulb (Thomas Edison) | The first lightbulb invented, gave off visible light as a result of being heated, led to the invention of an entire system for producing and distributing electrical power |
| Labor Unions | Just like buissnesses did, workers merged. Exploitation, low wages, and unsafe working conditions drew workers together across regions in unions to try to improve their lot. |
| Knights of Labor | Started to rise during the earlier part of the second industrial revolution, Open to all workers – race, sex, degree of skill, Supported the 8 hour day, Against child labor, Promoted health and safety laws, promoted equal pay for equal work |
| Terence V. Powderly (Led Knights of Labor Union) | Wanted an organization of individuals, not unions, promoted a strength in numbers idea, wanted political activity and education, boosted membership to 700,000 |
| Haymarket Riot (Caused the Knights of Labor downfall) | Negative backlash made it seem like anarchists got together to overthrow authority. Although they were protesting to defend themselves against the harsh working conditions they were blamed because they were union members and anarchists |
| American Federation of Labor | Promoted bread and butter unionism (only wanted essential necessities), was less about political reform, promoted shorter hours- higher wages- better conditions, consisted of skilled workers only- Women and Blacks excluded |
| American Federation of Labor (cont.) | Mediated disputes between management and labor, Pushed for closed shops, meaning that if you wanted to work for a company, you had to join/be a part of the union |
| Samuel Gompers (Led American Federation of Labor) | Believed that if strides were going to be made by workers, they needed to be composed of skilled workers, Didn’t believe that a big political movement was the way to achieve their ”bread and butter”, basic necessities |
| Pullman Strike Causes | Worst economic depression u.s. had ever seen, many people weren’t buying pullman cars, Everyone that worked for pullman lived in pullman town and was paid pullman money. |
| Pullman Strike Causes (cont.) | Pullman lowered wages and didn’t change rent, or any expense people had to pay, He did not want his revenue to go down To compensate for the lack of sales, wages go down, but he still makes a profit |
| Pullman Strike | The pullman car workers decided to go on strike and the other unions refused to handle trains who had pullman cars attached to it, It is a federal offense to tamper with the male, Workers succumbed to business because of the federal gov’t |
| Political Machines | Organized groups that controlled political parties and offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support |
| Political Machine (cont.) | worked to keep one party in power and were often very corrupt, they took bribes and committed graft to make money, in exchange for votes and support they provided help to poor people and immigrants when the gov't did not |
| Political Machine Structure (precinct workers and captains) | Tried to gain voters’ support on a city block or in a neighborhood and reported to a ward boss |
| Political Machine Structure (ward bosses) | worked to secure the vote in all the precincts in the ward, or electoral district, helped the poor and gained their votes by doing favors or providing services. |
| Political Machine Structure (city bosses) | controlled the activities of the political party throughout the city |
| Tammany Hall | New York City’s most powerful Democratic political machine |
| Boss Tweed | Led the Tammany Hall machine and his followers, the Tweed Ring, were a group of corrupt politicians who defrauded the city. |
| Boss Tweed's downfall | Thomas Nast used cartoons to help arouse public outrage against Tammany Hall’s graft, and the Tweed Ring was finally broken. Tweed was sentenced jail for commiting fraud and extortion. |
| Graft | the illegal use of political influence for personal gain. |
| Describe how conflict between workers and employers resulted in unrest and strikes | Employers do not want unions because unions give workers power that employers didn’t want them to have, When labor disputes with employers turned bitter and violent, as they occasionally did, much of the public blamed the workers. |
| Describe how conflict between workers and employers resulted in unrest and strikes (cont.) | Management would advertise against unions, saying they were radicals, etc. Tools of labor were not always as strong as the tools of management |
| Identify the problems farmers faced during the late 1800s. | Natural disasters (tornado season), harsh conditions on the Great Plains, Debt – Deflation (the price of the dollar is stronger, but you still have to pay back the initial debt), Falling prices, Dependence on railroads and middlemen |
| Explain the motivation of the groups that supported greenbacks and free silver. | Wanted to add silver to the gold standard, to put more money into circulation, creating inflation. Prices go up and it is easier for farmers to get enough money for their crop so that they could pay their debt |
| The People’s Party Platform: Democracy changes | Wanted to bring more democracy to U.S, secret ballot (originally, everyone saw who you voted for), initiative and referendum (an average citizen could take an initiative and bring the ideas of laws to local lawmakers) |
| The People’s Party Platform: Democracy changes (cont.) | term limits (for gov’t officials) direct election of Senators (senators were originally elected through deals, limits democracy) |
| The People’s Party Platform: Government and the Economy | Bimetallism, government ownership and operation of railroads, telegraph and telephone systems, land redistributed to actual settlers, no corporate subsidies (financial assistance for buissinesses), graduated income tax (higher incomes, higher taxes) |
| Bimetallism | free and unlimited coinage of silver and increase in money supply - it would create inflation because they would be putting in more money |
| Wizard of Oz |
Created by:
MLevy44
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