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U.S. History 9
American History Vocabulary Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction | program implemented by the federal government between 1865-1877 to repair damage to the South caused by the Civil War and restore the Southern states to the Union |
| scalawag | negative term for a southern white who supported the Republican party after the Civil War |
| carpetbagger | negative term for northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War |
| sharecropping | system in which a farmer tended a portion of a planter's land in return for a share of the crop |
| integration | process of bringing people of different races, religions, and social classes together |
| segregation | forced separation, often times by race |
| black codes | laws that restricted African American's rights and opportunities |
| 13th Amendment | 1865 constitutional amendment that abolished slavery |
| 14th Amendment | 1868 constitutional amendment which defined citizenship and guaranteed citizens equal protection under the law |
| 15th Amendment | 1870 constitutional amendment that guaranteed the voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude |
| impeachment | accusation against a public official of wrongdoing in office |
| Compromise of 1877 | agreement by which Rutherford B. Hayes won the 1876 presidential election and in exchange agreed to remove the remaining federal troops from the South |
| mass production | production of goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines |
| monopoly | exclusive control by one company over an entire industry |
| sweatshop | small factory where employees have to work long hours under poor conditions for little pay |
| steerage | third-class accommodations on a steamship, which were usually overcrowded and dirty |
| Americanization | belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens |
| melting pot | society in which people of different nationalities assimilate to form one culture |
| nativism | belief that native-born white Americans are superior to newcomers |
| suburb | residential areas surrounding a city |
| tenement | multistory building divided into apartments to house as many families as possible |
| urbanization | expansion of cities and/or an increase in the number of people living in them |
| reservation | public hands where Native Americans were forced to live by the federal government |
| assimilate | to be absorbed into the main culture of a society |
| vigilante | self-appointed law enforcer |
| transcontinental railroad | rail link between the eastern and the western United States |
| land grant | land designated by the federal government for building schools, roads, or railroads |
| open range system | vast area of grassland on which livestock roamed and grazed |
| Homestead Act | 1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willing to live on and cultivate it for five years |
| Progressivism | movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms |
| muckraker | writer who uncovers and exposes misconduct in politics or business |
| settlement house | community center organized at the turn of the 20th century to provide social services to the urban poor |
| temperance movement | movement aimed at stopping alcohol abuse and the problems created by it |
| suffrage | the right to vote |
| 19th Amendment | constitutional amendment that gave women the right to vote |
| imperialism | political, military, and economic domination of strong nations over weaker territories |
| social Darwinism | the belief held by some in the late 19th century that certain nations and races were superior to others and therefore destined to rule over them |
| yellow journalism | newspapers that used sensations headlines and exaggerated stories in order to promote readership |
| Treaty of Paris | an agreement signed by the U.S. and Spain in 1898, which officially ended the Spanish-American War |
| Open Door Policy | American statement that the government did not want colonies in China, but favored free trade there |
| big stick diplomacy | Theodore Roosevelt's policy of creating and using , when necessary, a strong military to achieve America's goals |
| Panama Canal | human-made waterway linking the Atlantic and Pacific across the Isthmus of Panama |
| dollar diplomacy | President Howard Taft's policy of expanding American investments abroad |
| moral diplomacy | Woodrow Wilson's statement that the U.S. would not use force to assert influence in the world, but would instead work to promote human rights |
| militarism | glorification of the military |
| Western Front | battle front between the Allies and Central Powers in western Europe during World War I |
| casualty | soldier killed, wounded, or missing |
| u-boat | German submarine |
| 14 Points | list of terms resolving World War I and future wars outlined by American President Woodrow Wilson |
| reparations | payments for war damages |
| League of Nations | world organization established after World War I to promote peaceful cooperation between countries |
| Zimmermann Note | telegram written by German Foreign Minister Zimmermann proposing an alliance between Germany and Mexico against the United States during World War I |
| nationalism | loyalty and devotion to one's country |
| trench warfare | type of land warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches |
| no-man's land | area between enemy trenches |
| Red Scare | fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life |
| Scopes Trial | 1925 trial of a Tennessee school teacher for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution |
| Prohibition | the forbidding by law of the manufacture, transport, and sale of alcohol |
| 18th Amendment | constitutional amendment banning the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcohol in the United States |
| bootlegger | one who sells illegal alcohol |
| flapper | young woman from the 1920s who defied traditional rules of conduct and dress |
| assembly line | arrangement of equipment and workers in which work passes from operation to operation in direct line until the product is assembled |
| installment buying | method of purchase in which buyer makes a small down payment and then pays of the rest of the debt in regular monthly payments |
| depression | sustained, long-term downturn in economic activity |
| Black Tuesday | October 29, 1929, when stock prices fell sharply in the Great Crash |
| Great Depression | period lasting from 1929-1941 in which the U.S. economy faltered and unemployment soared |
| breadline | line of people waiting for food handouts from charities or public agencies |
| Hoovervilles | term used to describe makeshift shantytowns set up by homeless people during the Great Depression |
| Dust Bowl | term used for the central and souther Great Plains during the 1930s when the region suffered from drought and dust storms |
| New Deal | programs and legislation enacted by Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression to promote economic recovery and social reform |
| fireside chats | informal radio broadcasts in which FDR explained issues and New Deal programs to average Americans |
| appeasement | policy of granting concessions in order to keep the peace |
| Axis Powers | group of countries led by Germany, Italy, and Japan that fought the Allies in World War II |
| Allies | group of countries led by Britain, France, the U.S., and the Soviet Union that fought the Axis Powers in World War II |
| kamikaze | Japanese pilots who deliberately crashed planes into American ships during World War II |
| island hopping | American strategy in the Pacific theater |
| Manhattan Project | secret project to research, develop and test the atomic bomb |
| internment | the state of being confined as a prisoner, especially for political or military reasons |
| genocide | the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation |
| rationing | limiting the purchase and consumption of certain products during a time of war |
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jmatyasovsky
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