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US History SOL Study
SJMS US History 7th Grade SOL Study
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What was called a "treeless wasteland" before the Civil War? | The Great Plains |
| Name the physical features of the Great Plains. | Low rainfall, land eroded by wind and rain, flatlands that rise gradually from the east to the west, frequent dust storms. |
| What changed people's view of the Great Plains? | New technologies that allowed it to be settled. |
| Name 4 new technologies used on the Great Plains. | Windmills, barbed wire, steel plows and sod houses. |
| How were windmills used on the Great Plains? | To bring water from deep wells. |
| Why was barbed wire used on the Great Plains? | Barbed wire was used as fencing because wood was scarce. |
| Why did people build sod houses on the Great Plains? | Sod houses were build because wood and other building materials were hard to find. |
| Why did they grow wheat on the Great Plains? | The wheat would grow in the dry conditions. |
| Besides wheat crops, what was the other main agricultural activity in the Great Plains? | Beef cattle raising. |
| What was the link between the transcontinental railroad and the Eastern markets? | The railroad shipped natural resources like copper and lead to the eastern markets. |
| What is iron ore used to make? | Steel |
| What did the transcontinental railroad ship to the national markets? | Finished products. |
| Where were most of the textile industry located? | In New England |
| Where was most of the steel industry located? | Pittsburgh |
| Where was most of the automotive industry located? | In Detriot |
| What did people want to own when they moved out west? | Land |
| People could become wealth out west with the discovery of what two substances? | Silver and gold |
| Instead of land or money, what were some people seeking out west? | Adventure |
| What were former slaves seeking out west? | A new beginning after the Civil War. |
| Name 3 reasons why people wanted to come to the U.S. from other nations after the Civil War? | Better opportunities, religious freedom, escaping from harsh and oppressive governments, and adventure. |
| What helped develop the city of Pittsburgh? | The steel industry. |
| What helped develop the city of Chicago? | The meat-packing industry. |
| Cities increased in population from immigrants and Americans moving to cities from where? | Moving from rural ares to urban, city areas looking for job opportunities. |
| What is Thomas Edison best known for? | Inventing practical electrical lighting and mechanical uses of electricity. |
| What is Alexander Graham Bell best known for inventing? | The telephone. |
| What problems did the cities face because of rapid industrialization and urbanization? | Cities became overcrowded particularly in immigrant neigborhood with tenements. |
| What organizations, many modeled after Hull House, tried to solve urban problems? | Settlement houses. |
| Who founded Hull House? | Jane Addams |
| What groups gained power by attending to the job and housing needs of new immigrants? | Political machines. |
| Where were most Native Americans forced to live after being driven off their land? | Reservations. |
| At what battle was Custer and his men defeated? | The Battle of Little Bighorn. |
| What Indian Chief tried to flee into Canada rather than go to a reservation? | Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce. |
| Name 2 immigrants that faced discrimination. | Chinese and Irish. |
| In the cities, what were neighborhoods with run down tenements called? | Ghettos. |
| How did political machines usually get what they wanted? | Political corruption |
| What is racial segregation based on? | Race, color of skin. |
| Racial segregation in the U.S. was directed primarily at what group? | African-Americans, but other groups were kept segregated too. |
| What were "Jim Crow" laws? | Laws passed to officially discriminate against African-Americans. |
| Where were "Jim Crow" laws used? | In discriminating in housing, work, education and the government. |
| Which famous African-American leader believed that equality could be achieved through education and accepted social separation? | Booker T. Washington |
| Which famous African-American leader believed in full political, civil, and social rights for African-Americans. | W.E.B. DuBois |
| What type of business increased greatly after the Civil War? | Big business |
| What type of advances did the national markets create? | Technological advances. |
| Who is considered the "Captain of Industry" in oil refining? | John D. Rockefeller |
| Who is considered the "Captain of Industry" in steel? | Andrew Carnegie |
| Who is considered the "Captain of Industry" in automobile production? | Henry Ford. |
| Besides creating automobiles, what else did Henry Ford do for American business? | With the assembly line, he lowed the cost of production. |
| Name 4 factors that helped grow industry in the U.S. | Access to raw materials and energy, availability of workers, inventions and financial resources (capital). |
| What are 3 examples of big business after the Civil War? | Railroads, steel and oil. |
| What reduced farm labor needs and increased production? | Mechanization such as using the reaper. |
| What created a need for more labor (workers) in cities? | Industry |
| What provide access to consumer goods for people throughout the U.S. | Mail order catalogs. |
| What are some of the negative effects of industrialization? | Child labor, low wages, long hours and unsafe working conditions. |
| What was one of the results of the negatives of industrialization? | The rise of the labor movement. |
| Who founded the American Federation of Labor? | Samuel Gompers |
| What was the strike in Pennslyvania against Carnegie Steel? | The Homestead Strike |
| What did the Progressive Movement push for? | Workplace reform, such as improved safety conditions, reduced work hours, and restrictions on child labor. |
| What is suffrage? | The right to vote. |
| What gave women the right to vote? | The 19th Amendment. |
| What is Susan B. Anthony most famous for? | Fighting for women's suffrage. |
| What was the Temperance Movement fighting for? | To outlaw alcohol. |
| What did the 18th Amendment ban? | The manufacture, sale and transportation of alcohol. |
| Name the main reasons for the Spanish-American War. | To protect American business interests in Cuba, to help the Cuban indepedence fighters, over the tensions as a result of the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine, the exaggerated stories called yellow journalism. |
| Who was accused of blowing up the U.S.S. Maine? | The Spanish. |
| What was yellow journalism? | Exaggerated stories of events in Cuba that increased American support for war. |
| What were the results of the Spanish-American War? | The U.S. emerged as a world power, Cuba gained independence from Spain, the U.S. gained possession of the Phillipine Islands, Puerto Rico and Guam. |
| Why didn't the U.S. join World War I until 1918? | The U.S. had a long tradition of neutrality or lack of involvement in European conflicts. |
| Why did the U.S. decide to become invovled in WWI? | The U.S. was unable to stay neutral because of economic and political connections to Great Britain, anger over the sinking of the Lusitania and unrestricted German submarine warfare. |
| Which countries were part of the Allies during World War I? | Great Britain, France, Serbia, Russia, Belguim, Italy |
| Which countries were the Central Powers during World War I? | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire |
| What was President Wilson's plan for peace at the end of the War called? | Wilson's Fourteen Points |
| What was the Fourteenth Point of Wilson's plan? | Formation of the League of Nations. |
| What was the League of Nations? | An international peace keeping organization. |
| What was the main reason for the U.S. not signing the treaty of Versailles? | The Congress did not want to get involved in more foreign affairs such as the League of Nations. |
| What was the impact of the affordable automobile on the U.S.? | The affordable automobile allowed people to move around more (mobility), a greater creation of jobs, a growth in transportation-related industries and a movement of people to suburban areas. |
| What invention are the Wright brothers known for? | Inventing the airplane |
| What communication changes came to everyday American life during the early 1900's? | Telephones, development of the radio, and development of movies. |
| Who invented the radio? | Marconi |
| What electrified devices improved American homes in the early 1900's? | Washing machines, electric stoves, water pumps, electric lighting, and improved communications. |
| What was Prohibition? | The banning of alcohol by the 18th Amendment. |
| What was a speakeasy? | An illegal place for people to drink during Prohibition. |
| What was a bootlegger? | A person who made illegal alcohol. |
| What was the Great Migration? | A movement of African-Americans from the rural South to the industrial North around the time of World War I. |
| Why did the Great Migration occur? | Most African-Americans went north looking for jobs in war-time industries and to escape discrimination in the "Jim Crow" South. |
| What was the Harlem Renaissance? | A time during the 1920's when many African-American artists and musicians had an opportunity to impact American culture. |
| Who was Jacob Lawrence? | An African-American painter who is best known for his pictures of events in African-American history. |
| Who was Langston Hughes? | One of the best known African-American poets/writers to date, considered the poet laureate of the Harlem Renaissance. |
| Name two famous jazz composers and musicians? | Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong |
| Who are two well know composers known for composing in the "American style"? | Aaron Copeland and George Gershwin |
| Name the painter famous for her southwest scenes and urban scenes? | Georgia O'Keefe |
| Who wrote the Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men, stories of the Great Depresssion? | John Steinbeck |
| Who wrote of the Roaring Twenties in The Great Gatsby? | F. Scott Fitzgerald |
| Who is considered the greatest blues singer? | Bessie Smith |
| What were the main causes of the Great Depression? | The over speculation in stocks, the failure of the Federal Reserve to prevent the collapse of the banking system and high tariffs that hurt international trade. |
| What was the impact of the Great Depression on the American people? | A large number of banks and businesses failed, one-fourth of workers became jobless, a large number of people became hungry and homeless for a long period of time, and farmers income fell to very low levels. |
| What was President Roosevelt's New Deal? | A series of government programs with the goal of pulling the U.S. out of the Great Depression. |
| What type of programs were in the New Deal? | Social Security, federal work programs, environmental programs, farm assistance programs, and increased rights for labor. |
| What were the 2 chief causes of World War II? | Political instability and economic devastation in Europe resulting from WWI (worldwide depression, high war debts by Germany, high inflation, and unemployment) and second, the rise of fascism. |
| What is fascism? | Fascism is a political philosophy in which total power is given to a dictator and individual freedoms are denied. |
| Who were the fascist dictators in Germany, Italy, and Japan? | Hitler (Germany), Mussolini (Italy), Tojo (Japan) |
| What is the relationship between the Axis powers and the fascist dictators? | The Axis powers were led by fascist dictators. |
| What type of governments did the Allied nations in WWII primarily have? | Democratic governments such as in the U.S., Great Britain and Canada. |
| How was the pattern of U.S. involvement in World War II in Europe similiar to that of its involvement in World War I? | The U.S. changed from neutrality/isolation, then to economic aid to the Allied nations to finally direct involvement in the European war. |
| What were the main causes of the Great Depression? | The over speculation in stocks, the failure of the Federal Reserve to prevent the collapse of the banking system and high tariffs that hurt international trade. |
| What was the impact of the Great Depression on the American people? | A large number of banks and businesses failed, one-fourth of workers became jobless, a large number of people became hungry and homeless for a long period of time, and farmers income fell to very low levels. |
| What was President Roosevelt's New Deal? | A series of government programs with the goal of pulling the U.S. out of the Great Depression. |
| What type of programs were in the New Deal? | Social Security, federal work programs, environmental programs, farm assistance programs, and increased rights for labor. |
| What were the 2 chief causes of World War II? | Political instability and economic devastation in Europe resulting from WWI (worldwide depression, high war debts by Germany, high inflation, and unemployment) and second, the rise of fascism. |
| What is fascism? | Fascism is a political philosophy in which total power is given to a dictator and individual freedoms are denied. |
| Who were the fascist dictators in Germany, Italy, and Japan? | Hitler (Germany), Mussolini (Italy), Tojo (Japan) |
| What is the relationship between the Axis powers and the fascist dictators? | The Axis powers were led by fascist dictators. |
| What type of governments did the Allied nations in WWII primarily have? | Democratic governments such as in the U.S., Great Britain and Canada. |
| How was the pattern of U.S. involvement in World War II in Europe similiar to that of its involvement in World War I? | The U.S. changed from neutrality/isolation, then to economic aid to the Allied nations to finally direct involvement in the European war. |
| Before the attack on Pearl Harbor, what was Japan doing in East Asia that caused tension with the U.S.? | Japan was showing aggression towards other countries in East Asia with an obvious intent of dominating the region. |
| When did Japan attack Pearl Harbor? | On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the U.S. Naval base at Pearl Harbor without warning. |
| What happened immediately after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor? | The U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany declared war on the U.S. |
| What is considered the opening act of World War II? | Germany invaded Poland. |
| Which Allied country did Germany invade soon after the start of the war following the same pattern they followed in World War I? | Germany attacked and invaded France. |
| What began the Battle of Britain? | German arial bombing of London began the Battle of Britain. |
| What was the U.S. response to the German bombing of Great Britain? | The U.S. gave war supplies to Great Britain. |
| What was the "turning point" of the war in the Pacific? | The Battle of the Midway was the turning point of the war in the Pacific. |
| What was the "turning point" of the war in Eastern Europe? | The Battle of Stalingrad between Germany and the Soviet Union (former Russia) with the Soviets defeating Germany. |
| What happened on D-Day? | Allied forces landed on the beaches of Normandy, France to begin the liberation of Western Europe. |
| What ended World War II in the Pacific? | The U.S. dropped two atomic bombs on Japan forcing them to surrender. |
| What was the Holocaust? | The Holocaust was a systematic attempt by countries under Hitler's control to rid Europe of all Jews and ended with liberation by Allied forces of Jews in concentration camps. It was based on ideas of anti-Semitism and Aryan supremacy. |
| What were some of the tactics used against the European Jews during the Holocaust? | Boycotts of Jewish stores, threats, segregations, then imprisonment and killing of millions of Jews in concentration camps. |
| What was the effect of World War II on the Great Depression? | WWII put Americans back to work, factories and workers were needed to produce goods for the war. |
| What role did women play in the war economy? | Thousands of women took jobs in factories and plants to replace men that were in the armed forces. |
| Name of the main ways that Americans at home supported the war? | Americans on the home front supported the war by conserving resources needed in the war. |
| How did WWII affect racial barriers in the workplace? | During the war, the racial barriers broke down temporarily due to the great need for workers, however discrimination against African-Americans still continued. |
| What happened to Americans of Japanese ancestry (Japanese-Americans) during WWII? | Many Japanese-Americans were treated with mistrust and prejudice with large numbers in the western U.S. being forcefully placed in internment camps (men, women and children). |
| Where Japanese-Americans allowed in the military? | Many Japanese-Americans served in the armed forces, some earning many medals for bravery. |
| Why were steel plows needed in the Great Plains? | Ordinary iron plows could not break through the hard ground of the Great Plains without breaking. |
| Why were advances in transportation so important to the opening of the Great Plains? | Advances in transportation, specifically the transcontinental railroad, linked resources, products and markets. |
| Why did cities develop rapidly after the Civil War? | Specialized industries helped certain cities, immigration from other countries, and movement of Americans from rural to urban areas. |
| What was the most important economic change in the U.S. between the Civil War and World War I? | The U.S. changed from a mostly agricultural based economy to a mostly industrial based economy. |
| What developed as important factors in deciding whether the U.S. got involved in international affairs? | Economic interests and public opinion. |
| How was the social and economic lives of Americans different in the early 1900's than they were in the late 1800's? | Improved transportation resulted in greater mobility (able to move around), greater creation of jobs, growth of transportation-related jobs, and movement of people to suburban areas. |
| What were 3 major changes in communication in the early 1900's? | Increased availability of telephones, the development of the radio and broadcast industry, development of the movies. |
| How did electrification change the way Americans live? | There were new labor saving products such as washing machines and electric stoves, improved electric lighting and improved communications. |
| Who were the 3 main Allied leaders? | F.D. Roosevelt (US), Winston Churchill (Great Britain) and Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) |
| How did the U.S. respond to Germany and Japan after the end of the war? | The U.S. accepted its role as a superpower and helped to rebuild both countries. |
| Why did the U.S. help rebuild Germany after the war? | The U.S. felt it was in its best interest to rebuild Europe and prevent political and economic instability. |
| How was Germany split up after the war? | Germany was partitioned into West Germany and East Germany. |
| How did West Germany develop? | West Germany became democratic and was able to begin self-governent a few years after occupation by the U.S., Great Britain and France. |
| How did East Germany develop? | East Germany was occupied by the Soviet Union and developed into a communist state. |
| What was the Marshall Plan? | The Marshall Plan, named after George C. Marshall, provided massive financial aid to rebuild European economies and prevent the spread of communism. |
| How did Japan redevelop after the war? | After its defeat, Japan was occupied by American forces. It soon adopted a democratic form of government, was able to start self-government, and became a strong ally of the US. |
| When was the United Nations established? | The United Nations was formed near the end of World War II to create an organization for the nations of the world to try to prevent future global wars. |
| What happened to the economy of the US after WWII? | The American economy grew and expanded due to the stimulation of the war. |
| Why did the U.S. economy grow so much after WWII? | Consumer goods were no longer rationed and businesses converted from war production back to consumer goods, labor unions merged and became more powerful and therefore were able to gain new benefits and higher salaries. |
| What was the main difference between the Allied nations of Great Britain, the USA and the Soviet Union? | Great Britain and the USA were democratic nations and the Soviet Union was a communis state run by a dictator. |
| Why did the Communist nation, the Soviet Union join the democratic Allies in World War II? | Germany invaded the Soviet Union. |
| What type of aide did the USA give to the Allies before the USA joined WWII? | The USA used the Lend Lease Act to give Great Britain war supplies and old naval ships in return for bases in Bermuda and the Caribbean. |
| What was the significance of the Battle of Stalingrade? | The year and half long battle of Stalingrad was the turning point of the war between the Soviet Union and Germany. Germany had to retreat from the Soviet Union and the Soviet Union advanced into German held territory and Germany itself. |
| What was the alternative to the USA dropping the atomic bombs on Japan? | President Truman had to decide whether to invade Japan or drop the atomic bombs. |
| What is anti-Semitism? | Prejudice against Jews. |
| What was the "Final Solution"? | The Nazi term for their plan to murder every Jewish person in Europe. |
| What is genocide? | The systematic killing of a nation or race of people. |
| What were the concentration camps of WWII? | A prison in which “enemies of the German nation” were concentrated. Before the end of WWII, more than 100 such camps had been set up. |
| What circumstances led to the Germans accepting a fascist leader like Hitler? | The German economy was is terrible shape with extremely high inflation, massive unemployment and high war debt still owed from WWI. Germany was deep in the world wide Depression. |
| How did the Allies suprise the Axis countries with the invasion of Normandy? | The Allies had set up a successful plan to fool the Axis into thinking the invasion would take place 150 miles away at the French city of Calais. |
| What was the USA's "island hopping" strategy? | The United States then adopted an “island-hopping” strategy for pushing the enemy back toward Japan. The idea was to capture certain key islands, one after another, until Japan came within range of American bombers. |
| What did the Allies need North Africa for? | To launch an invasion into Italy and keep the Axis from controlling the Suez Canal? |
| What was the "Battle of the Bulge"? | The Battle of the Bulge was the German counterattack after the Allies pushed through France, the Netherlands, and Belguim after D-Day. The Germans lost the Battle and the Allies pushed into Germany. |
| What was the "Blitzkrieg"? | German term for lightening war, using tanks, artillery and planes. |
| What was the U.S. and Japan argueing over before the attack on Pearl Harbor? | The USA had bought an embargo on goods and resources such as steel and oil that Japan needed to continue growing. The USA was concerned with Japan's growing domination in Southeast Asia. |
| Why was the USA not prepared for the attack on Pearl Harbor? | The USA believed the attack would come in the Phillipines. |
| What is stock specualtion? | Buying and selling stocks to quickly make a profit. |
| What is buying stock on margin? | Buying stock and only paying for a small portion, borrowing the remainder or owing the remainder. |
| Why were farmers so damaged by the Great Depression? | Farm incomes had been low since the 1920's. Farmers had been overproducing since World War I. During the Great Depression the Dust Bowl futher damaged farmers in the Great Plain and food prices fell further because people were not able to buy more food. |
| Why did so many banks fail during the Great Depression? | Many failed because borrowers were not able pay back banks and banks were not able to pay back their depositors. |
| Why did so many businesses fail during the Great Depression? | People did not have the money to buy goods and services so businesses could not make money and had to lay off workers or close their doors. With more people out of work, fewer goods and services could be bought. More businesses closed. |
| What was the purpose of federal works programs during the Great Depression? | The works programs gave people jobs and incomes. |
| What were the 3 R's of Roosevelt's New Deal? | Relief, recovery and reform |
| What is racial segregation? | Separation based on race or color of skin, it was based primarily against African-Americans, but other groups were also kept segregated. |
| What were the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific Railroads? | The two railroads (the Central Pacific from the west coast going east and the Union Pacific from Omaha, Nebraska going west) were built at the same time and met in Utah joining the USA in a transcontinental railroad. |
| What immigrant group the worked on the transcontinental railroad, particularly the Central Pacific, was widely used for dangerous jobs? | The Chinese workers. |
| What main issues did the Progressive Movement work on? | Child labor, poor working conditions, corruption in government, improved sanitation, improved living conditions particularly for poor and immigrants, and temperance. |
| What was a philanthropist and what was the relationship between philanthropists and "Captains of Industry"? | A philanthropists donates large amounts of money to charities, many of the Captains of Industry became philanthropists after becoming wealthy, such as Carnegie and Ford. |
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