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cell injury
differences, definition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| virchow's triad | slowing of blood stream, changes in the vessel wall, changes in blood itself |
| cell injury? | is defined as a variety of stresses a cell encounters as a result of changes in its internal and external environment. |
| etiology of cell injury | 1. genetic causes 2. acquired causes : hypoxia and ischaemia, physical agents, chemical agents and drugs, microbial agents, immunologic agents, nutritional derangements, ageing, psychogenic diseases, iatrogenic factors , idiopathic diseases |
| name the physical agents that cause cell injury | mechanical trauma, chemical trauma, electricity, radiation, rapid changes in atmospheric pressure |
| name the immunologic agents that cause cell injury | hypersensitivity reactions, anaphylactic reactions, autoimmune diseases. |
| pathogenesis of cell injury | both of reversible and irreversible cell injury should be mentioned. |
| 2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE CELL INJURY | 1. inability of cell to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction on reperfusion or reoxygenation. 2. disturbance in cell membrane function and also in plasma membrane. |
| morphology of reversible cell injury | 1. hydropic change 2. fatty change 3. hyaline change 4. mucoid change. |
| synonyms of hydropic change | cloudy swelling or vacuolar defgenration |
| etiology of hydropic changes | bacterial toxins, burns, high fever, chemicals, poisons, IV administration of hypertonic glucose. |
| pathogenesis of hydropic change | cloudy swelling --- impaired regulation of Na+ and K+--- intracellular accumulation of Na+ and escape of K+--- rapid flow of water into cell --- cellular swelling. |
| microscopic changes : | cells swollen and microvasculature compressed small clear vacuoles seen small cytoplasmic blebs nucleus appear pale. |
| 2 types of hyaline change | intracellular extracellular |
| examples of intracellular hyaline change | 1. hyaline droplets 2. hyaline degeneration or zenker's degeneration 3. mallory's hyaline 4. cytoplasmic hyaline inclusions 5. russell's bodies |
| examples of extracellular hyaline change | 1. hyaline degeneration in leiomyomas 2. hyalinised old scar 3. hyaline arteriosclerosis 4. hyalinised glomeruli corpora amylacea |
| mucoid change : chief constituent is? | mucin |
| morphology of irreversible cell injury includes: | 1. autolysis 2. ncerosis 3. apoptosis 4. gangrene 5. pathologic calcification |
| autolysis? | self digestion 3 types: rapid--- pancreas intermediate--- heart, liver and kidney slow--- fibrous tissue |
| necrosis? etiology? | defined as localised area of death of tissues followed by degradation of tissues by hydrolytic enzymes liberated from dead cells. physical and microbial agents,immunological injury. |
| pathogenesis of necrosis | 1.cell digestion by lytic enzymes 2. denaturation of proteins |
| types of necrosis | coagulative liquefactive caseous fat fibrinoid |
| coagulative : caused by? commonly affected organs? gross and microscopic features? | - irreversible focal injury - heart , kidney, spleen - gross: pale , firm, slightly swollen in early stage ; yellowish, softer, shrunken with progression. microscopic: tombstone appearance |
| liquefaction necrosis: othername ? caused due to ? examples? gross and microscopic features? | - colliquative - ischaemic injury and bacterial and fungal infections - infarct brain , abscess cavity - gross: soft with liquefied centre with necrotic debris , cyst wall microscopic: gliosis in brain and proliferating fibroblasts in abscess cavity |
| caseous nacrosis: caused by? found in? gross and microscopic features ? | - TB infection - centre of foci in TB infections - gross: dry cheese , soft, granular and yellowish microscopically : structureless, eosinophillic, granular debris |
| fat necrosis: caused by? examples? gross and microscopic feature? | - blunt trauma, radiation and surgeries - pancreas, breasts etc. - gross : chalky white appearance in calcium soap, yellowish white appearance. microscopic: cloudy appearance |
| saponification? | - seen in fat necrosis - leaked out free fatty acids along with calcium form calcium soap called saponification. |
| fibrinoid necrosis: caused by ? examples? microscopic feature? | - antigen-antibody complexes deposited in walls of blood vessels along with fibrin. - autoimmune diseases, arthus reaction , peptic ulcer etc. - brightly eosinophillic, hyaline - like deposition |
Created by:
Dt. Anjali
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