Question 1

Explain the effects of the environment on Virginia’s settlement and lifestyle.

Accepted Answer

Warm climate, soil good for farming and growing crops, environment allowed for plantations to be built, settlement built on coast and river valleys allowing slaves to be easily shipped to Virginia. Slaves worked on plantations

Question 2

Describe the economic conditions that influenced the development of southern colonies and northern colonies. (Commercial North vs. Agricultural South)

Accepted Answer

Northern colonies made a living commercially by fishing, whaling, and shipbuilding, while the Southern colonies made a living agriculturally, making money off of plantations, including cotton and tobacco.

Question 3

Describe the social classes and role of women in the colonies.

Accepted Answer

Women were second class citizens. They were denied many rights. Not many women traveled to the colonies when they were established. Women in the south have more rights than the rest of the women in the colonies because there is less of them.

Question 4

Identify the roles of indentured servants and African Americans in the Colonies.

Accepted Answer

Male indentured servants and Africans did much of the manual labor in the colonies, such as plantation work. Female indentured servants performed domestic and household chores, such as sewing.

Question 5

Describe the relationship between English Colonists and Native Americans

Accepted Answer

At first, the colonists had a strong and friendly relationship with the natives. They were happy to trade with them and learn from them. However, as time went on, the colonists' wanted to expand their land a push natives away.

Question 6

Describe the relationship between English Colonists and Native Americans (cont.)

Accepted Answer

Also, colonists were trying to convert natives to christianity, not giving them religious freedom. This caused conflict between the two groups.

Question 7

Jamestown

Accepted Answer

Founded in 1607 and was the first successful English colony by 144 English men and boys looking for wealth and riches.

Question 8

John Smith

Accepted Answer

English explorer, soldier and governor who imposed strict discipline on the settlers of the Jamestown colony, forcing them to work or they would not eat.

Question 9

London Company

Accepted Answer

An english joint stock company founded by King james. The goal of this company was to establish english settlements in the southern Virginia territory.

Question 10

Plymouth Company

Accepted Answer

Another english joint stock company founded by King James I of England with a goal of establishing english settlements in northern virginia territory.

Question 11

Puritans

Accepted Answer

A group of individuals who sought to purify their church. Puritans wanted to reform their church from within and the Church of England continued to be their official church.

Question 12

Squanto

Accepted Answer

The first native american to guide and help Pilgrims who settled in Plymouth, survive their first winter.

Question 13

John Winthrop

Accepted Answer

English puritan lawyer who led the first sizeable migration in 1630. Migration had 800 people, some of which, had money. First governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony

Question 14

Quakers

Accepted Answer

A religious group that was discriminated against, most Quakers were based in  Pennsylvania. They based their ideas on the importance of a direct relationship with God through Jesus Christ.

Question 15

Development of Slavery

Accepted Answer

When the colonies were first established, death rates were very high and it wasn't necessary to have slaves work in the colonies. Soon, the death rates dropped and the plantations were growing, and it was more economically beneficial to use slaves.

Question 16

Salem Witch Trials

Accepted Answer

Innocent men and women were charged and hanged for witchcraft in Salem Village,  Massachusetts. They were accused by a group of adolescent girls who had previously been caught dancing and conjuring with an enslaved woman named Tituba.

Question 17

Salem Witch Trials (cont.)

Accepted Answer

In fear of being caught and punished, the girls began blaming others claiming they were bewitched by them. Many people were fearful that witchcraft would spread like wildfire, and thus, they believed the accusations and became part of the accusers.

Question 18

Mercantilism

Accepted Answer

An economic system in which colonies exist for the benefit of the colonial power.

Question 19

Principles of Mercantilism

Accepted Answer

Power of a country depends on gaining riches, Export more goods than you import, Ship raw materials to the “mother country”, Buy finished goods from the colonial power.

Question 20

Describe why the British defeat of the French in North America prompts Parliament to attempt to tighten commercial and political control of the thirteen colonies.

Accepted Answer

Following the defeat, the British debt was enlarged greatly and Britain felt they could tax the colonists to pay the debt. Additionally, the British wanted to control expansion in western territory, stopping colonists from expanding past the Appalachians

Question 21

Describe the tactics used by the colonists to protest against British policies

Accepted Answer

Boycotted british goods, refused to buy supplies required by Townshend Duties, created Declaration of Rights and Grievances, dumped imported tea in boston harbor

Question 22

List the Intolerable Acts

Accepted Answer

Closed the port in Boston, British officials were tried in England, New Quartering Act- Troops quartered in private homes, Mass charter amended – limited self govt, Colonist must pay for the damages (Tea Party)

Question 23

How did colonists react to Intolerable Acts

Accepted Answer

They armed and drilled local militia units to defend their rights

Question 24

Events that led to war between Great Britain and the American colonies.

Accepted Answer

The Stamp Act, The Townshend Acts, The Boston Massacre, The Boston Tea Party, The Intolerable Acts, Battle of Lexington and Concord

Question 25

List the arguments for American Independence

Accepted Answer

the colonies have little to gain from remaining attached to Britain; instead of watching over the colonies, the British have been attacking them, and are therefore are undeserving of American loyalty

Question 26

Explain the purpose of the Declaration of Independence

Accepted Answer

Written to explain the colonists' right to revolution and to declare separation from the British Parliament's control.

Question 27

Principles of Declaration

Accepted Answer

All men are created equal, everyone has the basic rights of life, liberty and pursuit of happiness that cannot be taken, the government gets its power from the people, people have the right to alter/abolish the government

Question 28

List two reasons why the American victory at Trenton and Princeton were important.

Accepted Answer

These victories were morale boosters to keep colonists fighting and they ruined British plans for a quick end to the war

Question 29

Compare the difficulties faced by the Americans and the British in the Revolutionary War.

Accepted Answer

American difficulties; Battle for NYC, Battle of Charleston, Battle of Camden, (Look at my Revolutionary War StudyStack for info about these battles!!!)

Question 30

Compare the difficulties faced by the Americans and the British in the Revolutionary War.

Accepted Answer

British difficulties; Battles of Trenton and Princeton,  Battle of Saratoga, Battle of Cowpens, Battle of Yorktown. (Look at my Revolutionary War StudyStack for info about these battles!!!)

Question 31

Identify the Treaty of Paris

Accepted Answer

The treaty officially ended American Revolution, Treaty between four nations: US, Great Britain, France and Spain, Spain is hostile and maintains territory west of Mississippi, France was given limited support

Question 32

Treaty of Paris Provisions

Accepted Answer

The recognition of American independence, the establishment of American boundaries, The recognition of American fishing rights along the Newfoundland banks, the pledge of the Continental Congress to ensure pre- war debts be paid

Question 33

Navigation Acts

Accepted Answer

Under provisions of the Navigation Acts, the British East Company was required to ship its goods to England where they were sold at auctions

Question 34

Sugar Act

Accepted Answer

Tax on sugar to raise money for the cost of administering the colonies
Effect: Colonists wrote written protests, boycotted and said "no taxation without representation!"

Question 35

Stamp Act

Accepted Answer

Requires the purchase of tax stamps which are to be attached to all printed goods
Effect: Colonists protest violently, Stamp Act Congress prepares a Declaration of Rights and Grievances, Boycotting british goods begins

Question 36

Townshend Acts

Accepted Answer

Require colonists to pay a tax on everyday items
Effect: Colonies boycott British imports again, cutting trade in half

Question 37

Intolerable Acts

Accepted Answer

Resulted from the Boston Tea Party, British were angry at the colonists and wanted to punish them for their unlawful actions they committed at the Tea Party

Question 38

Sons of Liberty

Accepted Answer

A radical political organization that incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. They promoted opposition to British policies towards the colonies.

Question 39

Patriots

Accepted Answer

Americans that supported the idea of American Independence from Great Britain and were willing to fight for it.

Question 40

Boston Massacre

Accepted Answer

British regulars arrived in Boston  to maintain order. Angry after the Townshend Acts were imposed, the civilians reacted to the redcoats like they were invaders by taunting them through name calling, spitting, and fighting.

Question 41

Boston Tea Party

Accepted Answer

Angry after the Tea Act was imposed by the British, a group of colonists dumped 342 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor. The tea was imported by the British East Company. This was the first major rebellion by the colonists against the British.

Question 42

Common Sense

Accepted Answer

Written by Thomas Paine who explained that Americans deserve independence. Explains that the “benefits” given to the colonists by the british were liabilities, unfair trade policies and gives several other reasons why America should be free

Question 43

1st Continental Congress

Accepted Answer

A Committee of Correspondence had been created to keep radicals in touch. In September of 1774, A meeting was held in Philadelphia (only GA didn’t) condemning the Intolerable Acts.

Question 44

Second Continental Congress

Accepted Answer

Met in Philadelphia in May of 1775. Declared themselves the government and declared George Washington as Chief of the Army

Question 45

Declaration of Independence

Accepted Answer

Colonists declared independence and signed declaration, which was based on John Locke's social contract: natural rights, consents of those governed, philosophy of the revolution.

Question 46

Lexington and Concord

Accepted Answer

First battle of revolution, colonists used guerilla tactics, there was "the shot heard around the world"

Question 47

Battle of Bunker Hill

Accepted Answer

Moral victory for the colonists,  "don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes." Brits captured Breeds Hill after the third charge = many casualties, gave the colonists hope, showed the Brits that this wasn't just a rebellion, it was war

Question 48

Battle of Trenton

Accepted Answer

Was a morale boosters to keep colonists fighting. Colonists launched 8 A.M. attack against the Hessians who were "groggy" from celebrating  Christmas. This was a huge victory.

Question 49

Battle of Trenton (cont.)

Accepted Answer

There was a 3 pronged approach, for Washington knew he couldn't take the town so he withdrew, capturing 900 Hessians

Question 50

Battle of Princeton

Accepted Answer

Was a morale booster to keep colonists fighting. On January 2nd, Washington regroups in Trenton. Washington deceives Cornwallis and marches his troops to take Princeton.

Question 51

Battle of Saratoga

Accepted Answer

General Burgoyne lead 8,000 troops from Loyalist Canada to the Hudson. Brits get bogged down in the dense NY forests. Sharpshooters take out British officers and Native AM scouts.

Question 52

Battle of Saratoga (cont.)

Accepted Answer

General Gates had a huge victory, for almost 6,000 Brit/Hessian troops surrendered their arms. This victory persuaded France to openly recognize the US as a country (Legitimacy)

Question 53

Battle of Yorktown

Accepted Answer

Cornwallis surrenders to a joint American/French Force, the French Navy forces the surrender, the final battle of the revolution, peace negotiations were made

Question 54

What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

Accepted Answer

No national government with real powers, No common currency, No regulation of interstate commerce, No national system of courts

Question 55

What were the strengths of the Articles of Confederation?

Accepted Answer

The negotiation of the Treaty of Paris, Guiding the young nation - critical period at its birth, created the Northwest Ordinance

Question 56

Problems between U.S. and Britain

Accepted Answer

Treaty of Paris wasn’t held up, U.S. didn’t pay Britain prewar debts, Loyalists were treated harshly, Brits would not leave northern forts, Effects: GB Refuses to leave trading Posts, GB closes ports- Canada/ West Indies

Question 57

Problems between U.S. and Spain

Accepted Answer

Spain allied with the Natives, causing expansion conflicts, Effects: Spain closes the Mississippi, Refuses to recognize land claims west of Appalachian Mts., Closed off foreign trade

Question 58

Process of settling west

Accepted Answer

Under the articles of confederation, the Northwest Ordinance was created as a process for territories to become states and to be added to the union

Question 59

Process of settling west (cont.)

Accepted Answer

When an area’s population was 5,000 free males and had 50 acres of land, it could establish a government. When it had 60,000 people, they could become a state added to the union

Question 60

Domestic problems of U.S.

Accepted Answer

The Revolutionary War caused major debts in the U.S, People who were owed money wanted higher taxes, Farmers were hurt by high taxes

Question 61

Domestic problems of U.S. (cont.)

Accepted Answer

Debtors wanted an increased money supply (inflation), Creditors wanted a small supply of money, so the value of money would increase

Question 62

How was the conflict of choosing a Legislature at the Philadelphia Convention solved?

Accepted Answer

With The Great Compromise- a bicameral legislature w/ two houses, Senate: Upper House, all states represented equally, 2 per state, House: Representation by population

Question 63

How was the conflict of counting slaves at the Philadelphia Convention solved?

Accepted Answer

With the The 3/5’s Compromise (Slaves were to be counted; 5 slaves equaled three persons), The North: counted for tax purposes, The South: counted for the purposes of representation in Congress.

Question 64

How did the Constitution correct the weakness of the Confederation government?

Accepted Answer

Divided up government into three branches, giving certain powers and rights to each branch, Federalism was created: A system of government that creates a central government and local state governments

Term	Definition
Describe the political, social and religious values and beliefs the colonists brought to America.
Explain the effects of the environment on Virginia’s settlement and lifestyle.	Warm climate, soil good for farming and growing crops, environment allowed for plantations to be built, settlement built on coast and river valleys allowing slaves to be easily shipped to Virginia. Slaves worked on plantations
Describe the economic conditions that influenced the development of southern colonies and northern colonies. (Commercial North vs. Agricultural South)	Northern colonies made a living commercially by fishing, whaling, and shipbuilding, while the Southern colonies made a living agriculturally, making money off of plantations, including cotton and tobacco.
Describe the relationship of the Church and state in the New England Colonies
Describe the social classes and role of women in the colonies.	Women were second class citizens. They were denied many rights. Not many women traveled to the colonies when they were established. Women in the south have more rights than the rest of the women in the colonies because there is less of them.
Identify the roles of indentured servants and African Americans in the Colonies.	Male indentured servants and Africans did much of the manual labor in the colonies, such as plantation work. Female indentured servants performed domestic and household chores, such as sewing.
Describe the relationship between English Colonists and Native Americans	At first, the colonists had a strong and friendly relationship with the natives. They were happy to trade with them and learn from them. However, as time went on, the colonists' wanted to expand their land a push natives away.
Describe the relationship between English Colonists and Native Americans (cont.)	Also, colonists were trying to convert natives to christianity, not giving them religious freedom. This caused conflict between the two groups.
Jamestown	Founded in 1607 and was the first successful English colony by 144 English men and boys looking for wealth and riches.
John Smith	English explorer, soldier and governor who imposed strict discipline on the settlers of the Jamestown colony, forcing them to work or they would not eat.
London Company	An english joint stock company founded by King james. The goal of this company was to establish english settlements in the southern Virginia territory.
Plymouth Company	Another english joint stock company founded by King James I of England with a goal of establishing english settlements in northern virginia territory.
Puritans	A group of individuals who sought to purify their church. Puritans wanted to reform their church from within and the Church of England continued to be their official church.
Squanto	The first native american to guide and help Pilgrims who settled in Plymouth, survive their first winter.
John Winthrop	English puritan lawyer who led the first sizeable migration in 1630. Migration had 800 people, some of which, had money. First governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony
Quakers	A religious group that was discriminated against, most Quakers were based in Pennsylvania. They based their ideas on the importance of a direct relationship with God through Jesus Christ.
Development of Slavery	When the colonies were first established, death rates were very high and it wasn't necessary to have slaves work in the colonies. Soon, the death rates dropped and the plantations were growing, and it was more economically beneficial to use slaves.
Salem Witch Trials	Innocent men and women were charged and hanged for witchcraft in Salem Village, Massachusetts. They were accused by a group of adolescent girls who had previously been caught dancing and conjuring with an enslaved woman named Tituba.
Salem Witch Trials (cont.)	In fear of being caught and punished, the girls began blaming others claiming they were bewitched by them. Many people were fearful that witchcraft would spread like wildfire, and thus, they believed the accusations and became part of the accusers.
Mercantilism	An economic system in which colonies exist for the benefit of the colonial power.
Principles of Mercantilism	Power of a country depends on gaining riches, Export more goods than you import, Ship raw materials to the “mother country”, Buy finished goods from the colonial power.
Causes of French and Indian War
Causes of French and Indian War
Describe French and Indian War
Describe why the British defeat of the French in North America prompts Parliament to attempt to tighten commercial and political control of the thirteen colonies.	Following the defeat, the British debt was enlarged greatly and Britain felt they could tax the colonists to pay the debt. Additionally, the British wanted to control expansion in western territory, stopping colonists from expanding past the Appalachians
Describe the tactics used by the colonists to protest against British policies	Boycotted british goods, refused to buy supplies required by Townshend Duties, created Declaration of Rights and Grievances, dumped imported tea in boston harbor
List the Intolerable Acts	Closed the port in Boston, British officials were tried in England, New Quartering Act- Troops quartered in private homes, Mass charter amended – limited self govt, Colonist must pay for the damages (Tea Party)
How did colonists react to Intolerable Acts	They armed and drilled local militia units to defend their rights
Events that led to war between Great Britain and the American colonies.	The Stamp Act, The Townshend Acts, The Boston Massacre, The Boston Tea Party, The Intolerable Acts, Battle of Lexington and Concord
List the arguments for American Independence	the colonies have little to gain from remaining attached to Britain; instead of watching over the colonies, the British have been attacking them, and are therefore are undeserving of American loyalty
Explain the purpose of the Declaration of Independence	Written to explain the colonists' right to revolution and to declare separation from the British Parliament's control.
Principles of Declaration	All men are created equal, everyone has the basic rights of life, liberty and pursuit of happiness that cannot be taken, the government gets its power from the people, people have the right to alter/abolish the government
List two reasons why the American victory at Trenton and Princeton were important.	These victories were morale boosters to keep colonists fighting and they ruined British plans for a quick end to the war
Compare the difficulties faced by the Americans and the British in the Revolutionary War.	American difficulties; Battle for NYC, Battle of Charleston, Battle of Camden, (Look at my Revolutionary War StudyStack for info about these battles!!!)
Compare the difficulties faced by the Americans and the British in the Revolutionary War.	British difficulties; Battles of Trenton and Princeton, Battle of Saratoga, Battle of Cowpens, Battle of Yorktown. (Look at my Revolutionary War StudyStack for info about these battles!!!)
Describe how patriot determinism, military skill and French aid enabled the colonies to win independence from Britain
Describe how patriot determinism, military skill and French aid enabled the colonies to win independence from Britain (cont.)
Identify the Treaty of Paris	The treaty officially ended American Revolution, Treaty between four nations: US, Great Britain, France and Spain, Spain is hostile and maintains territory west of Mississippi, France was given limited support
Treaty of Paris Provisions	The recognition of American independence, the establishment of American boundaries, The recognition of American fishing rights along the Newfoundland banks, the pledge of the Continental Congress to ensure pre- war debts be paid
Navigation Acts	Under provisions of the Navigation Acts, the British East Company was required to ship its goods to England where they were sold at auctions
Sugar Act	Tax on sugar to raise money for the cost of administering the colonies Effect: Colonists wrote written protests, boycotted and said "no taxation without representation!"
Stamp Act	Requires the purchase of tax stamps which are to be attached to all printed goods Effect: Colonists protest violently, Stamp Act Congress prepares a Declaration of Rights and Grievances, Boycotting british goods begins
Townshend Acts	Require colonists to pay a tax on everyday items Effect: Colonies boycott British imports again, cutting trade in half
Intolerable Acts	Resulted from the Boston Tea Party, British were angry at the colonists and wanted to punish them for their unlawful actions they committed at the Tea Party
Sons of Liberty	A radical political organization that incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. They promoted opposition to British policies towards the colonies.
Patriots	Americans that supported the idea of American Independence from Great Britain and were willing to fight for it.
Boston Massacre	British regulars arrived in Boston to maintain order. Angry after the Townshend Acts were imposed, the civilians reacted to the redcoats like they were invaders by taunting them through name calling, spitting, and fighting.
Boston Tea Party	Angry after the Tea Act was imposed by the British, a group of colonists dumped 342 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor. The tea was imported by the British East Company. This was the first major rebellion by the colonists against the British.
Common Sense	Written by Thomas Paine who explained that Americans deserve independence. Explains that the “benefits” given to the colonists by the british were liabilities, unfair trade policies and gives several other reasons why America should be free
1st Continental Congress	A Committee of Correspondence had been created to keep radicals in touch. In September of 1774, A meeting was held in Philadelphia (only GA didn’t) condemning the Intolerable Acts.
Second Continental Congress	Met in Philadelphia in May of 1775. Declared themselves the government and declared George Washington as Chief of the Army
Declaration of Independence	Colonists declared independence and signed declaration, which was based on John Locke's social contract: natural rights, consents of those governed, philosophy of the revolution.
Lexington and Concord	First battle of revolution, colonists used guerilla tactics, there was "the shot heard around the world"
Battle of Bunker Hill	Moral victory for the colonists, "don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes." Brits captured Breeds Hill after the third charge = many casualties, gave the colonists hope, showed the Brits that this wasn't just a rebellion, it was war
Battle of Trenton	Was a morale boosters to keep colonists fighting. Colonists launched 8 A.M. attack against the Hessians who were "groggy" from celebrating Christmas. This was a huge victory.
Battle of Trenton (cont.)	There was a 3 pronged approach, for Washington knew he couldn't take the town so he withdrew, capturing 900 Hessians
Battle of Princeton	Was a morale booster to keep colonists fighting. On January 2nd, Washington regroups in Trenton. Washington deceives Cornwallis and marches his troops to take Princeton.
Battle of Saratoga	General Burgoyne lead 8,000 troops from Loyalist Canada to the Hudson. Brits get bogged down in the dense NY forests. Sharpshooters take out British officers and Native AM scouts.
Battle of Saratoga (cont.)	General Gates had a huge victory, for almost 6,000 Brit/Hessian troops surrendered their arms. This victory persuaded France to openly recognize the US as a country (Legitimacy)
Battle of Yorktown	Cornwallis surrenders to a joint American/French Force, the French Navy forces the surrender, the final battle of the revolution, peace negotiations were made
What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?	No national government with real powers, No common currency, No regulation of interstate commerce, No national system of courts
What were the strengths of the Articles of Confederation?	The negotiation of the Treaty of Paris, Guiding the young nation - critical period at its birth, created the Northwest Ordinance
Problems between U.S. and Britain	Treaty of Paris wasn’t held up, U.S. didn’t pay Britain prewar debts, Loyalists were treated harshly, Brits would not leave northern forts, Effects: GB Refuses to leave trading Posts, GB closes ports- Canada/ West Indies
Problems between U.S. and Spain	Spain allied with the Natives, causing expansion conflicts, Effects: Spain closes the Mississippi, Refuses to recognize land claims west of Appalachian Mts., Closed off foreign trade
Process of settling west	Under the articles of confederation, the Northwest Ordinance was created as a process for territories to become states and to be added to the union
Process of settling west (cont.)	When an area’s population was 5,000 free males and had 50 acres of land, it could establish a government. When it had 60,000 people, they could become a state added to the union
Domestic problems of U.S.	The Revolutionary War caused major debts in the U.S, People who were owed money wanted higher taxes, Farmers were hurt by high taxes
Domestic problems of U.S. (cont.)	Debtors wanted an increased money supply (inflation), Creditors wanted a small supply of money, so the value of money would increase
How was the conflict of choosing a Legislature at the Philadelphia Convention solved?	With The Great Compromise- a bicameral legislature w/ two houses, Senate: Upper House, all states represented equally, 2 per state, House: Representation by population
How was the conflict of counting slaves at the Philadelphia Convention solved?	With the The 3/5’s Compromise (Slaves were to be counted; 5 slaves equaled three persons), The North: counted for tax purposes, The South: counted for the purposes of representation in Congress.
How did the Constitution correct the weakness of the Confederation government?	Divided up government into three branches, giving certain powers and rights to each branch, Federalism was created: A system of government that creates a central government and local state governments
How did the Constitution correct the weakness of the Confederation government? (cont.)	The powers of the national and state governments are divided and balanced, Congress can regulate trade between states, Created a national court system (Judicial Branch (Supreme, State and District), The Electoral College was created to elect the president
Arguments for ratification of the constitution	a strong but balanced federal govt was necessary, if ratified, they would provide a bill of rights
Arguments against ratification of the constitution	The central gov’t had too much power and the constitution failed to protect basic liberties
Legislative Branch of gov't	Makes laws, Senate and House can veto each other’s bills, If a bill passes both houses, it goes to President, If President vetoes, they can pass laws over his veto, Has power to impeach president (and remove him from office) and Supreme Court judges
Executive Branch of gov't	Enforces laws, Can veto congressional legislation, Can nominate supreme court judges, President has many responsibilities
Judicial Branch of gov't	Interprets laws, Can declare laws passed by the Senate, unconstitutional, Can declare presidential acts unconstitutional
Articles of Confederation	The original U.S. constitution, approved by all 13 original states, but Created a weak, chaotic government- prone to economic problems
North West Ordinance	An edict that established a means and precedence by which the United States could expand westward.
Shay’s Rebellion	An uprising started by poor farmers who were upset that they owed so much money to the government. The rebellion was an attempt to stop the state-governments from taxing them so much. Significant because it proved that the AoC wasn't strong enough enforce
Constitution	The document written by our founding fathers that explained the laws and principles of the United States government.
3/5’s Compromise	The solution for counting slaves in the United States where when slaves were counted, 5 slaves equaled three people.
Virginia Plan	Called for a bicameral legislature, gave more power to national government, number in both houses was based on population.
New Jersey Plan	Gave more power to state governments, called for a unicameral legislature, number of representatives equal from each state.
Great Compromise	Called for a bicameral legislature, number of representatives was based on state populations in lower house. Number of representatives equal from each state in upper house.
Federalist	Favored ratification of constitution, wanted strong but balanced federal govt.
Anti- Federalist	Feared strong central govt. Supported states rights. Proof was lack of Bill of Rights.
Checks and Balances	A system diving governmental powers into three separate branches, preventing the government from becoming too powerful and controlling
How George Washington’s Strong leadership brought stability to the new government.
Hamilton's Financial Plan	Deal with war debt by replacing creditors’ old, low-value bonds, with new, interest-bearing bonds, Gain revenue by passing a tariff to bring in money and help American manufacturers, creating a national bank
Jay's Treaty	As long as America no longer had negotiations with France, GB would agree to leave the Great Lake territory they occupied in the U.S. and would pay reparations for seizing some U.S. Ships.
Jay's Treaty Importance (cont.)	Significant because it encouraged westward expansion past Ohio and prevented Americans from having war in a time where they would have lost
Pinckney Treaty Importance	Settled territory disputes between Spain and the U.S by allowing American ships to navigate the Mississippi and allowed them free transport through the Port of New Orleans, owned by Spain
Why did political parties arise?	Because of the federalist and anti-federalist disputes over ratification of the constitution
Problems John Adams encountered as president	XYZ Affair, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions after passing Alien and Sedition Acts
Judiciary Act of 1789	It set up a supreme court with 1 chief justice 5 associates, 16 lower federal courts, 1790 court marshals took the first census, it also created Attorney General
Whiskey Rebellion	A tax protest started by farmers who were angry that the federal government charged them a Whiskey Tax (it was hard to manufacture). The government shut it down and this showed the gov'ts power to enforce laws.
French Revolution	France declares war on GB, but the U.S. didn’t have to support France because Great Britain didn’t declare war on France, France declared war on Great Britain. Also, King Louis was dead.
Impressment	the practice of stopping U.S. merchant ships to seize suspected deserters from the Royal Navy
Edmund Genet (wanted to reinstate alliance between french and americans)	Tried to provoke the US into war with GB, sent military expeditions against the Spanish (New Orleans), Tried to get Canadians to revolt against GB, Started arming merchant ships as privateers to prey on British shipping
Washington’s Farewell Address	Washington ended his address by saying "we are all Americans", meaning that no matter federalist or republican, we all live under one govt and one country. He also warned Americans about forming permanent alliances with other countries
XYZ Affair	The French felt betrayed by America, The French started kidnapping American sailors, Adams tried to send an American diplomats to work things out with France, but France refused.
XYZ Affair (cont.)	Three French emissaries (known later simply as X, Y, and Z) demanded that the Americans pay a bribe of $250,000 and provide a $10 million loan. The Americans refused to pay anything.
XYZ Affair Result	After the X, Y, and Z affair the Americans felt disrespected and started to prepare for war with France, creating Americas Navy.
XYZ Affair Result (cont.)	A quasi-war started with the French in the Caribbean. American ships attacked French ships that interfered with American trade. The war officially ended also with ending the alliance with France.
Naturalization Act	Increased the period necessary for immigrants to become naturalized citizens
Alien and Sedition Acts	Signed by Adams and Federalist controlled congress. Made it harder immigrants to become naturalized citizens and made it illegal to speak out against the government.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolution	Jefferson and Madison argued that the Alien and Sedition acts were unconstitutional; and created the Doctrine of Nullification, which said that states who believed a law was unconstitutional, they could get rid of it. Virginia and Kentucky presented it
Federalist views on the Economy, democracy and the role of government.	Economy-Favored Hamilton’s financial plan, Democracy-felt it would threaten the republic. Role of gov't - favored strong federal government and strong executive branch
Republican views on the Economy, democracy and the role of government.	Republicans - economy: opposed hamilton's financial plan, fearing giving the national government too much economic power, encouraged democracy and the voice of citizens, wanted stronger state gov't's and weak federal gov't
Significance of Judicial Review	It allows the Judicial Branch of gov’t to declare laws passed by Congress and the President unconstitutional. This is one of the checks and balances given to the Judicial Branch.
Significance of the Louisiana Purchase	Doubled the size of the republic, encouraged westward expansion in the United States, allowed Lewis and Clark to explore the newly acquired land and it was a lot of land for a little money.
The major Campaigns of the War of 1812: U.S. Invasion of 1812	The Americans thought it would be an easy fight for two main reasons 1. The British were already fighting Napoleon in Europe 2. It would be hard for the British to supply their troops on the great lakes
The major Campaigns of the War of 1812: Campaigns of 1813
The major Campaigns of the War of 1812: British attack on D.C.	The British capture Washington, D.C. and burn the white house and several other buildings, humiliating James Madison's administration
The major Campaigns of the War of 1812: Battle of Fort McHenry	the British attacked Fort McHenry. The failure of the bombardment and sight of the American flag inspired Francis Scott Key to compose "The Star-Spangled Banner."
Summarize the results of the War of 1812
Treaty of Ghent provisions	Nothing really happened. The Americans gained no land, the british gained no land. It basically just ended the fighting.
How did a feeling of national community emerge during the presidency of James Monroe?	After winning War of 1812, there was a huge sense of nationalism in the U.S. We developed our own culture, the power of the federal government grew, the size of our country and its economy grew, we could manufacture our own goods
The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the American way of life?	The Industrial Revolution greatly increased America's population, for many people were searching for employment. It made transportation easier for people and goods. During the revolution, Americans were paid low and worked in horrible conditions
How did industrialization contribute to wider acceptance of slavery?
The importance of cotton to the South	Cotton was a very profitable crop in the south because it was used to make American clothes. Originally, southerners could only make 1 pound of cotton everyday, but with with the Cotton Gin, they could make 50 pounds and the economy skyrocketed.
How the Missouri Compromise temporarily maintained a balance between slave states and free states.	In exchange for Missouri's admission as a slave state, the Northern territory of Maine would be admitted as a free state. This ensured equal representation in the north and south.
Marbury vs. Madison	Marbury, appointed to the supreme court by Adams, demanded his commission, which hadn't been delivered yet. However, the supreme court didn't have the right to rule in cases such as this one, declaring part of the Judiciary Act 1789 to be unconstitutional
Louisiana Purchase	Federalists in the United States were alarmed that France now owned Louisiana, U.S. sent James Monroe to join Livingston and try to buy New Orleans and West Florida from France.
Louisiana Purchase (cont.)	Napoleon gave up his dream of an American empire because he was overwhelmed by the slave revolt in Haiti and also wanted to go to war with Britain.
Louisiana Purchase (cont. 2)	The French offered Livingston and Monroe all of Louisiana and Livingston and Monroe signed a treaty. $15 million, the U.S. acquired 828,000 square miles of land. Treaty ratified in December the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase.
Lewis and Clark expedition	Lewis and Clark set out on the expedition, exploring west of mississippi and for over two years: experienced harsh weather and terrain, dangerous waters, starvation, disease and both friendly and harsh Native Americans.
"War Hawks"	A group of young congressmen from the South and the West, who called for war against Britain after they discovered that the natives were using British Canadian troops under their confederacy.
Era of Good Feelings	A time of of pride and national unity during the Monroe years, following the American victory of the War of 1812
American System	based on 3 things - economic protection, internal improvements (build roads and canals) & the creation of the Second National Bank
Steamboat/ Robert Fulton	Fulton invented a steamboat. Because the boat ran on steam, it traveled faster and could transport goods and people more efficiently
Canal building	Americans used cheap, irish immigrants to build canals. This was very dangerous because workers were using explosives to build canals
Monroe Doctrine	Written by James Monroe, warning European powers to no longer settle in or influence the Western Hemisphere. If anyone retaliates let them be.
Eli Whitney/Cotton Gin	Eli Whitney invented this machine which helped mass produce cotton. This invention increased the demand for land as well as slave labor
Missouri Compromise	A compromise that balanced out slave and free states in America and banned slavery in the states north of Latitude 360 in the Louisiana Purchase Territory
Summarize the life and political career of Andrew Jackson.	Accomplished general, alive during the fight for independence, previously was a states man. Perfect role for the presidency, He focused a lot on the common man.
Democratic changes that took place during the Age of Jackson	Growth in the middle class, people moved out west, Jackson campaigned for the rights of the common man, Jacksonian democracy, Made more living space for Americans through the trail of tears. Nullification.
Describes attitudes toward Native Americans during the Age of Jackson	White settlers either favored the displacement and removal of all Native Americans. or wanted to Native Americans to Christianity, turn them into farmers, and absorb them into the white culture
Explain how the tariff and nullification issue developed into a crisis	Angry that the North was getting rich at the expense of the South, and because John Calhoun came up with the idea of nullification, southerners rebel against an "unfair" tariff, threatening to leave the union if they were taxed. This infuriated Jackson.
List the main arguments regarding the Second Bank of the United States	Jackson was opposed to the National Bank because he and his allies believed that the general public saw the National Bank as a “privileged institution.”
List the main arguments regarding the Second Bank of the United States (cont.)	All federal tax revenues were deposited in the BUS rather than state or private banks, the Second Bank had an unfair advantage over other banks
veto	The act of rejecting a proposal or law presented by a branch of government. Jackson used vetoing as a powerful weapon because no one would refuse his vetoes. His supporters felt that they would lose his support if they did
trail of tears	Many Cherokee natives died on the long journey, after they were removed from their homeland and the U.S. gov't stole the tribe’s money. Many Cherokee natives were buried on the trail of this journey, which came to be known as the Trail of Tears.
Nullification crisis	John Calhoun came up with the idea to defend South Carolina from paying so much for goods. He explained that if a state found a law unconstitutional, they could void it. This caused South Carolina to rebel against new tariffs put in place.
John C. Calhoun	Vice President under Andrew Jackson, from South Carolina. Came up with the idea of nullification unconstitutional laws, angering Jackson. Jackson threatened to hang Calhoun for his actions.
War on the bank	Jackson’s attempt to shut down the National Bank, for he greatly opposed it. Jackson announced that federal funds would no longer be deposited in the National Bank. Instead, he began placing them in various state banks.
Nicholas Biddle	President of the Second National bank under Jackson’s presidency. Knowing that Jackson didn’t like the bank, he started presenting state bank notes for redemption, calling in loans, and contracting credit, trying to dramatize the need for a central bank.

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U.S. History Midterm