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Industrialization
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Henry Bessemer | developed a process to make steel stronger and more affordable. Can make more steel |
| Andrew Carnegie | 1870 – starts to make steel in Pittsburgh, PA. Goal is to make steel as affordable as possible. By 1900, US provided more steel than any other country- monopoly. Became one of the richest men in the world. |
| John D. Rockefeller | built his first oil refinery in Cleveland, OH in 1863. By 1890 his Standard oil Co. controlled 90% of the oil industry –monopoly. One of the richest men in the world |
| George Westinghouse | Developed AC (Alternating Current) for use in homes and business. Thomas Edison’s company who used DC (Direct Current). Westinghouse had the better product so got more consumers and won. |
| William Randolph Hearst | Developed newspaper business by using BIG eye- catching headlines, illustrations, and color. Owned most of the newspapers in US by 1900 – monopoly. |
| Madame C.J. Walker | 1906 – bottled shampoo in her attic. Sold products door to door. First African American woman to become a millionaire. |
| J.P. Morgan | Wealthiest and most powerful banker in U.S. during the Industrial Age. Invested in railroads, mining, steel. |
| Natural Resources | resources that are from nature, not made by people. Ex.: iron, coal, oil, timber, water |
| Human Resources | People who work to produce goods and services. |
| Capital Resources | Tools, machines, (money) that companies use to produce goods and services |
| Monopoly | when one company has control of an industry. Cuts down on competition so it hurts the consumer by limiting choices and driving up prices |
| Sweatshop | hot, cramped workshops where many industrial workers had to do their jobs before labor reform |
| Triangle Shirtwaist Company | a company in New York city where workers complained about the dangerous conditions. In March 1911 a fire broke out and the workers were trapped inside. 150 people died, mostly young women. |
| Lewis Hine | led the movement against child labor |
| labor union | organized groups working to gain improved working conditions, better wages, more safety, and an end to child labor |
| Samuel Gompers | one of the early union leaders. Led unions to join together and form the American Federation of Labor (AFL) |
| strike | workers refuse to work to try to force businesses to meet their demands |
| Mary Harris Jones | helped lead the United Mine Workers in the Appalachian mountains. She was known as “Mother Jones”. |
| Labor Day | created by the labor unions to honor the workers in America. First held in September 1882. Congress made it an official holiday in 1894. |
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