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Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| major differences between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells | prokaryotes are unicellular. eukaryotes are multicellular. Prokaryotes do not contain a nucleus. eukaryotes contain a true nulceus. |
| anatomy of the eukaryote nucleus | the nucleus is contained inside a nuclear membrane (or envelope) that is a double membrane intended to protect the nucleus from the cytoplasm. contains nuclear pores for two-way selective exchange |
| function of the outer membrane of the mitochondria | a barrier between the cytosol and the inner environment of the mitochondrion |
| function of the inner membrane of the mitochondria | arranged in the infoldings called cristae, contains the molcules and enzymes of the electron transport chain |
| function of the intermembrane space (space in between outer and inner membrane) | protons are pumped to this space from the space inside the inner membrane (matrix) to establish the proton-motive force during oxidative phosphorylation |
| locations of apoptosis throughout cell | enzymes that initiate apoptosis live in the mitochondria and lysosomes |
| function of lysosomes | capable of breaking down many substrates, function in conjunction with endosomes which transport things in and out of the cells, helps prevent damage to cells |
| function of rough endoplasmic reticulum | covered in ribisomes which permit the translation of proteins destined for secretion directly into its lumen |
| function of the smooth ER | lacks ribosomes. main function is lipid synthesis and detoxification of certain drugs and poisons. also transports proteins from the RER to the Golgi apparatus |
| function of the golgi apparatus | contains membrane-bound sacs that transport products to its specific cellular location |
| function of peroxisomes | contain hydrogen peroxide. primary function is the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids via beta-oxidation |
| location, structure, and function of microfilaments | made up of solid rods of actin, help cytokinesis by forming the cleavage furrow |
| location, structure, and function of microtubules | hollow polymers of tubulin proteins, form cilia and flagella |
| structure of eukaryotic cilia or flagella | 9 + 2 structure. 9 pairs of microtubules on the outer ring and 2 microtubules in the center |
| location, structure, and function of intermediate filaments | diverse group of filamentous proteins, which includes keratin, desmin, vimentin, and lamins. invovled in cell-cell adhesion and maintenance of the overall integrity of the cytoskeleton. (function specific to the cell and tissue type) |
| main difference between viruses and other cells | viruses lack organelles and a nucleus |
| which viruses are easiest to kill | the ones enclosed in a capsid. the envelope is sensitive to heat, detergents, and desiccation |
| positive sense single-stranded RNA viruses | the genome is directly translated by host cell to functional proteins |
| negative sense single-stranded RNA viruses | the RNA strand is replicated. then the replicated strand is translated to protein |
| retroviruses | enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses that infect cells by integrating their DNA into the host cell's genome via "reverse transcriptase" |
| lytic life cycle of virus | (viruses just wants to utilize the cell's machinery. little regard for the survival of the cell) Stages: 1)viral chromosome enters bacterium(may enter lysogenic cycle) 2)replication of viral chromosome 3)progeny assembly 4)lysis of bacterial cell |
| lysogenic life cycle of virus | the virus is implicated into the host cell's genome, to be reproduced with the host cell during the host cell's normal reproduction. |
| what are prions and how do they cause disease? | infectious proteins (nonliving). cause disease by triggering misfolding of other proteins, usually through the conversion of a protein from an alpha-helical to a beta-pleated sheet |
| what are viroids and how do they cause disease? | small pathogens consisting of short circular single-stranded RNA that infect plants. very few of these are human versions |
| 4 stages of actively dividing cells | G1, S, G2, M |
| interphase | the first three stages of actively dividing cells (G1, S, G2) |
| G0 stage | stage that a non-dividing cell spends its time in. characterized by the cell just living and carrying out its functions without any preparation for division |
| characteristics of G1 stage | cells create organelles for energy and protein production (mitochondria, ribosomes, ER) while increasing their size |
| characteristics of S stage | genetic material of cell is replicated |
| characteristics of G2 stage | a quality control checkpoint the cell passes through to make sure organelles are there and enough error-free DNA |
| characteristics of M stage | consists of mitosis with cytokinesis |
| two major checkpoints in cell cycle | G1/S checkpoint G2/M checkpoint |
| p53 | the main protein involved in the cell cycle checkpoints |
| the four stages of mitosis | Prophase metaphase anaphase telophase |
| characteristics of prophase | chromatin condenses into chromosomes, spindles appear, nuclear membrane dissolves |
| characteristics of metaphase | chromosomes align at the metaphase plate |
| characteristics of anaphase | sister chromosomes separate, shortening of the kinetochore fibers |
| characteristics of telophase | (reverse of prophase) spindles disappear, chromosomes uncoil, nuclear membrane forms |
| cytokinesis | separation of the cytoplasm and organelles |
| what makes meiosis different from mitosis | in mitosis there is one round each of replication and division. in meiosis there is one round of replication and two rounds of division |
| female alleles | XX |
| male alleles | XY |
| SRY region on Y chromosome (sex-determining region Y) | transcription factor that iniates the formation of male gonads, insuring all people with a Y chromosome will be male |
| function of Sertoli cells | cells in the seminiferous tubules (in men) that nourish sperm |
| function of Leydig cells | (in the testes) secrete testosterone andother male sex hormones (androgens) |
| mnemonic for sperm pathway | SEVE(N) UP -Seminferous tubules -Epididymis -Vas deferens -Ejaculatory duct -Nothing -Urethra -Penis |
| biology of a sperm | head(contains the genetic material), midpiece (generates ATP from fructose), and a flagella (for motility) |
| acrosome | cap on sperm head that is necessary to penetrate the egg |
| ovaries produce which hormones | estrogen and progesterone |
| when does Meiosis II occur in the female egg | when the sperm penetrates the layers |
| function of GnRH (gonadtropin-releasing hormone) | causes the anterior pituitary gland to synthesize and release FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing-hormone) causing the production of other sex hormones to be triggered. ultimately beginning puberty and continuing sexual function |
| what causes estrogen to be secreted | in response to FSH. this results in the development and maintenance of female reproductive system |
| function of estrogen in adults | leads to the thickening of the endometrium each month in preparation for the implantation of a zygote |
| function of progesterone and where it is secreted | secreted by the corpus luteum. involved in the development and maintenance of the endometrium |
| where is the adrenal cortex derived from | mesoderm |
| where is the adrenal medulla derived from | ecotderm |
| function of oligodendrocytes | produce myelin in the CNS |
| function of Schwann cells | produce myelin in the PNS |
| function of astrocytes | form the blood-brain barrier and nourish neurons |
| function of ependymal cells | line the ventricles of the brain and produce CSF |
| function of microglia | ingest and break down waste products and pathogens in the CNS |
| resting membrane potential of neuron | -70 mV. a result of balancing sodium and potassium equilibrium potential |
| which ion concentration is higher inside the cell | potassium |
| which ion concentration is higher outside of the cell` | sodium |
| equilibrium potential of potassium | -90 mV |
| equilibrium potential of sodium | 60 mV |
Created by:
jbomalley
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