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SOC-
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sociology | the study of group -study ppl's behavior, attitudes, emotions *how being in a group affects us as individuals *how as an individual affects a group |
| Sociological (perspective) Imagination | *The concept proposed by C. W. Mills in 1959*See the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society (how social forces shape individual action)*Discover the general in the specificMake personal troubles public issues |
| August Comte | The term “sociology” was coined First to propose studying sociology scientifically |
| Karl Marx | Socialist philosopherBelieved that capitalism would ultimately result in revolution with the working class (proletariat) overthrowing the owners of the means of production (bourgeousie). |
| Theoretical Perspectives | Statement of how and why specific facts are related |
| Micro sociology | addresses interactions among individuals and small groups |
| Macro sociology | addresses comparisons among larger groups such as nation states |
| Structural- Functionalist | Composed of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability. Macro level theory (looks at structure) |
| Social-Conflict | Society is characterized by social inequality. Social life is a struggle for scarce resources. Macro level theory |
| Symbolic-Interactionist | Composed of symbols. Humans attach meaning to these symbols through interactionMicro level theory |
| Manifest functions | the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern |
| Latent functions | the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern |
| Social dysfunction | any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society |
| CULTURE | the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people’s way of lifeCultures describe societies |
| SOCIETY | a relatively self-contained and self-sufficient group of human beings who are united by social relationships |
| Material culture | Physical or tangible creations (such as clothing shelter, and art) that members of a society make, use, and share |
| Non-material culture | Abstract or intangible human creations of society (such as attitudes, beliefs, and values) that influence people’s behavior |
| SYMBOL | anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture |
| LANGUAGE | a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another |
| NORMS | rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its membersThey define acceptable and unacceptable behavior |
| Folkways | are norms for routine or casual interaction personal space, hand shakes, eating. Any rule of edict. Not very serious b/c you wont go to jail but you will get looked down upon. |
| Mores | are norms that are widely observed and have great moral significancepublic displays of affection. Public nudity in the US is majority is against the rules. Murder- is widely looked down on it except for self-defense. |
| Laws | norms that have been organized and written down |
| Sanctions | are formal a punishment or fine |
| VALUES | culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social livingunderlie beliefs |
| SUBCULTURE | Cultural patterns that set aside some segment of the populationLanguages, sports. You have to be different in some ways but you are still apart of the same culture. You still interact with other ppl. |
| COUNTERCULTURE | Cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a societyisolate from other culture. The Amish don’t interact with other cultures b/c they feel other cultures will contaminate their culture. |
| MULTICULTURALISM | acknowledges cultural diversity and promotes respect and equal standing for all cultural traditionsyou even have to give respect to different culture like rapist, child pedophile, sex trade. These are considered culture. |
| ETHNOCENTRISM | the assumption that one’s own culture is superior to others.Eurocentrism- being of the persuasion that white culture is dominate to othersAfrocentrism- basically wearing African attire, eating African food. |
| Cultural Relativism | Judging cultures to their own standards. Equal understanding. Not saying everything is right or wrong. |
| SOCIAL INTERACTION | - the process by which people act and react in relation to others |
| Cooley – Looking Glass Self | We imagine how we look to othersWe draw conclusions about ourselves based on how others react (or how we think they react)Based on the conclusions we draw about ourselves, we develop a sense of our personal identity |
| NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION | communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech |
| STATUS | a social position that a person holds that is meaningful to a group or society |
| Roles | behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status |
| CROWD | A loosely formed collection of people |
| SOCIAL GROUP | Two or more people who interact and share (or believe they share) the same norms, values, and expectationsCrowds can become social groups!(cheer at the same time) |
| GROUP COHESION | the degree to which individual members identify with each other and with the group |
| PRIMARY GROUP | a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships |
| SECONDARY GROUP | – a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity |
| IN-GROUP | a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty |
| IN-GROUP | a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty |
| OUT-GROUP | a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition. |
| Obedience | Obeying the request of anotherUsually legitimate authority figure, but not always |
| Milgram | Electric ShockHigh level of obedience, even when subject screamed, begged them to stop, or quit responding |
| GROUPTHINK | The tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue (Janis) |
| FORMAL ORGANIZATION | large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals efficiency |
| Utilitarian Organization | Designed to provide specific, instrumental, tangible rewardsthe government, most business |
| Normative Organization | Voluntary association pursuing a goal they view as worthwhileNon profitable |
| Coercive Organization | Involuntary organization that forces behaviors and isolates individuals (Total Institutions)school, prison |
| The “Iron Cage” of Bureaucracy | Often inefficientDon’t hire based on competenceDiffusion of accountabilityHierarchy is undemocratic |
| Quantitative | things with number. A numeric response. Most of sociology is this |
| Qualitative | describing things, telling stories, using words.Gives you more information |
| Theory | Statement of how and why specific facts are relatedIn Sociology: Abstract propositions or statements developed to explain human behavior. |
| Hypothesis | A tentative, specific explanation that accounts for a set of facts and can be tested by further investigation. |
| Empirical Observations | Concrete evidence and unbiased data gained through direct or systematic observation for the purpose of testing an existing theory or generating a new one. Experienced through the senses. |
| continuous cycle | The relationship between theory and research |
| Deductive Science | reasoning from general to the particular (how most science work) |
| Inductive Science | reasoning form the particular to the general (where you start out with observations, then you get ideas from the observation )( not encouraged b/c it can come out bi-est. |
| N | the number of observations |
| Independent variable | what we manipulate or change or think effects something else ( what happens 1st)What we manipulate or change |
| Dependent variable | what happens when we manipulate or change the independent variableWhat happens when we manipulate or change the independent variable |
| Measurement | procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case |
| Variables (observe) | measurable concepts whose values vary from case to case |
| Concepts (key part of a theory) | mental constructs that represent some part of the world in a simplified form |
| Correlation | a relationship where two or more variables change together mental constructs that represent some part of the world in a simplified form |
| Causation | a relationship where one variable causes a change in another variable |
| Spurious Correlation | relationship between two variables is caused by a third factor( a strong positive correlation between the #of ice cream sales and ppl drowning- the 3rd factor heat/summer time) |
| Experiment | Research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions.Tests a hypothesis, or statement of how two variables are relatedBest method to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between variables. |
| Survey | A method in which subjects respond to series of questions in a questionnaire or an interview,Used to for gathering information that cannot be directly observed, Often used to describe a population without interviewing each individual (random sample) |
| Interview Studies | Interviewing subjects to gain qualitative dataDoes not use random samplingUsually small sampleEx: Interviewing survivors of the Great Depression to find out what life was like then |
| Field Studies | Participant Observation - Research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activitiesEthnography- studying other cultures as an observer.These studies present a detailed view of the |
| Secondary Data Analysis | A research method using existing data to draw inferences about society.Old census data, historical records, crime reportsMay save you a lot of money, but often the data you need are incomplete or unavailable. |
| Content Analysis | Analyzing snippets of conversations, books, articles, TV shows, etc…Usually not quantitativeEx: Coding employer-employee conversations for signs of deference (apologies, “sir” or “mam”) |
| DEVIANCE | the recognized violation of cultural norms/social rules |
| CRIME | the violation of society’s formally enacted criminal law |
| COHORT | a category of people with something in common, usually their age. |
Created by:
Shanea
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