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His. Medicine A
Question | Answer |
---|---|
who discovered x-rays? | wilhelm roentgen. |
when were x-rays discovered? | 1865. |
what did john macintyre do? | produce lots of interesting x-rays like a kidney stone, a penny in a child’s throat, frogs legs in motion. |
what were the risks associated with xrays? | amount of radiation - could lose hair, glass tube could break easily, could take a long time, hard to move around. |
what did john hall-edwards do? | one of the first doctors to make a diagnosis based off an x-ray. |
what did james blundell do? | in 1818, he did the first experiments in blood transfusion to help women give birth. |
how many blood transfusions did blundell carry out between 1818 & 1829? | 10. |
what were some problems associated with blood transfusions? | blood clots as soon as it leaves the body, rejection of transfused blood as the donor and recipient were not compatible, danger of infection from unsterilised equipment. |
who discovered the existence of different blood groups? | karl landsteiner. |
what does BEF stand for? | British Expeditionary Force. |
when was the first battle of ypres? | 1914. |
when were basic trenches dug? | 1914. |
how deep were the trenches? | 2.5 metres. |
what was placed in no-man’s-land? | barbed wire. |
what were the different trenches? | the frontline, the support, the reserve, the communications. |
what were dugouts? | holes dug into the side of the trenches so men could take protective cover if they needed. |
how far away were the support trenches from the frontline? | 80 metres. |
how far were the reserve trenches from the support trenches? | 300 metres. |
what was the purpose of the support trenches? | troops would retreat there if the frontline came under attack. |
what was the purpose of the reserve trenches? | troops could be mobilised for a counter attack if the frontline trench was captured by the enemy. |
how many troops had britain lost between the 12th of october and 11th of november in 1914? | 50,000. |
when was the second battle of ypres? | 1915. |
how many british died the second battle of ypres? | 59,000. |
what did the germans do the first time during the second battle of ypres? | use chlorine gas. |
when was the battle of the somme? | 1st July, 1916. |
on the first day of the battle of the somme, how many british casualties/deaths were there? | 57,000 casualties, 20,000 deaths. |
what two new strategies did the british use in the battle of the somme? | creeping barrage - artillery firing from the trenches towards the german lines. first use of tanks - technical problems and unsuccessful. |
when the battle of the somme ended, how many british casualties were there? | over 400,000. |
when was the battle of arras? | april 1917. |
how many casualties were there in the battle of arras? | 160,000. |
when was the third battle of ypres? | 1917. |
how many british casualties were there in the third battle of ypres? what caused so many deaths? | 245,000 casualties - the weather was so bad that the ground became waterlogged. men fell into the mud and drowned. |
when was the battle of cambrai? | 20th october 1917. |
why were tanks useful? | moved easily across barbed wire, the machine guns very effective. |
what were some problems with transporting the wounded on the western front? | shelling left the landscape full of craters and holes. lots of fertiliser used in the ground; bacteria in the soil that could lead to infected wounds. men being moved from frontline could be exposed to shelling and gunfire. |
what were the problems with horse drawn ambulances? | couldn’t cope with large number of casualties, men were shaken about and that made injuries worse. |
when were the first motor ambulances brought to the frontline? | october 1914. |
how many motor ambulances were taken to the frontline to start with? | 512. |
what were the hygiene problems on the western front? | conditions in trenches unpleasant, hygiene problems due to so many soldiers, sewage+dead bodies made the smell really shit in summer, in winter there was flooding and frostbite, rats. |
in november+december 1914, how many cases of frostbite were there? | 6,000. |
what was the chain of evacuation? | regimental aid posts, dressing stations, casualty clearing stations, base hospitals. |
how far from the frontline were the regimental aid posts (RAP)? | 200m. |
where were dressing stations located? | in abandoned buildings, dug-outs and bunkers. |
what did the CCS do? | operate on the most serious injuries. |
what does CCS stand for? | Casualty Clearing Station. |
what does ADS stand for? | Advanced Dressing Station. |
what does MDS stand for? | Main Dressing Station. |
what does RAP stand for? | Regimental Aid Posts. |
where were the base hospitals located? | near the french and belgium coast. |
what does FANY stand for? | First Aid Nursing Yeomanry. |
when did FANY first arrive? | October 1914. |
When did the British army decide to allow FANY to drive ambulances? | January 1916. |
what was FANY made up of? | women. |
how many FANY nurses were sent to the frontline to begin with? | 6 - women on the battlefield was frowned upon. |
what did FANY do? | they were mostly there for support since they didn’t perform operations or give treatments. |
what does RAMC stand for? | Royal Army Medical Corps. |
what percentage of wounds were to the head, face and neck? | 20%. |
what did harvey cushing do? | developed new techniques in brain surgery. |
who was harvey cushing? | an american neurosurgeon. |
what did cushing use when operating? | a local anaesthetic rather than a general one. |
what was cushing’s survival rate in 1917? | 71%. |
what did harold gilles do? | became interested in facial reconstruction. |
how many face reconstruction operations had taken place by the end of the war? | 12,000. |
why wasn’t it possible to perform aseptic surgery in dressing stations/casualty clearing stations? | contaminated conditions. |
what were the main techniques used to prevent infection from spreading? | wound excision, the carrel-dawkin method, amputation. |
what was wound excision? | cuffing away of dead, damaged or infected tissue from around the site of the wound. this would then need to be stitched. |
what was the carrel-dawkin method? | antiseptics, such as carbolic lotion, were ineffective treating gas gangrene. this method involved a sterilised salt solution through a tube. |
how many men were amputated in 1918? | 240,000. |
in 1914/15, men with a gunshot wound or shrapnel wound to the leg had a what percentage of surviving? | 20%. |
from when was the thomas splint used? | 1916. |
what did the thomas splint do? | stopped joints from moving. this increased the survival rate of shrapnel/gunshot wounds from 20% to 80%. |
how many mobile x-rays were there on the western front? | 6. |
what was the main use of x-rays on the western front? | identify shell fragments and bullets in wounds - in not removed, could cause infection. |
where could you find non movable x-rays on the western front? | the base hospitals and some of the larger casualty clearing stations. |
what could you do to blood so it didn’t have to be passed from donor to patient? | add sodium citrate. |
who discovered how to rid the need of passing blood from donor to patient and when? | richard lewisohn, 1915. |
when was it discovered that blood with sodium citrate could be refrigerated? | 1915. |
who discovered that blood could be refrigerated? | richard weil. |
how long could blood with sodium citrate be stored for? | up to 2 days. |
what did francis rous and james turner do? | realised that adding a citrate glucose solution to blood allowed for it to be stored for up to 4 weeks. |
the availability of blood on the frontline led to what? | a huge difference to chances of survival on the front line. |
when was the first use of stored blood demonstrated? | battle of cambrai. |