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BIO 2 EK
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| polymorphism | poly - many; many alleles = many forms of a phenotype |
| speciation causes | -inbreeding: when separated geographically & mutation happens in one group but not other - random events - disaster - bottleneck: allele freq of pop shift - specialization: tailor behavior to exploit env - adaptation: gen/behav change = advant in env |
| Hardy Weinburg Equil | no evol happens = no change in allele freq of pop only if: 1. mutation equilibrium 2. no emigration or immigration 3. no natural selection 4. random mating (=/= select) 5. large pop |
| genetic drift | one allele maybe forever lost due to death of all members with it |
| differential reproduction | best adapted to environment = most likely to survive to reproductive age and have offspring nat selection is the differential survival and reprod of indivs |
| viral particle | mature virus outside host, or viron |
| lytic infection | virus that causes disease - virulent virus: use cell machinery to make more viral components infection to lysis: latent period |
| lysogenic infection | viral DNA is incorporated in genome of host - host replicates = virus too temperate virus: maybe no symptoms dormant or latent - provirus |
| enveloped vs noneveloped viruses | E: leave cell, body does not detect, binds other cells - host eventually dies N: lyses cell and cause cell death on their release |
| + RNA vs - RNA | + can be translated into protein just like regular mRNA - RNA has to be transcribed again to get + RNA and then it can be translated |
| retroviruses | some ssRNA viruses are called this: transcribe RNA into dsDNA with reverse transcriptase. hard to eradicate, attack immune syst |
| subviral particles | infectious agents related to virus viroids: naked RNA w/o capside, infect plants prions: naked protein infect animals (cant reprod selves w/o DNA or RNA) - p: people: animals |
| gram + bacteria | plasma membrane - peptidoglycan (cell wall) - envelope stains purple bc lots of ^ cell wall is porous so L molecs can pass |
| gram - bacteria | plasma membrane - peptidoglycan (cell wall) - outer plasma membrane (more permeable than inner) - envelope stains pink bc less p |
| flagellar propulsion | with flagella (made of globular protein flagellin) can move towards food and such. Uses E from proton gradient to move, not ATP |
| genetic recombination | allow bact to trade DNA - conjugation - transformation - transduction |
| conjugation | transfer of plasmid to other bacteria (plasmid =/= need for survival) - must have gene for sex pilus - F plasmid/fertility factor/f factor: codes for sex pilus (bact w/ it +, w/o it -) - R plasmid/R factor: resistance to Ab |
| plasmid | (s circles of extragenomic DNA) if plasmid integrates into chromosome also called an episome |
| transformation | bact incorporate DNA from outside env into genome |
| transduction | transfer of genetic material by virus ex: bacteriophage accidentally grabbed host DNA & injects this into next bact virus that mediates transduction is a vector |
| Prok vs Euk | P: cell walls of peptidoglyc. Flagella from flagellin. E: if have cell walls, of chitin (fungi) or cellulose (plants). Flagella from microtubules |
| smooth ER | think: lipid metabolism & storage, detox |
| peroxisomes | vesicles in cytosol, lipid & protein storage. Don't bud off, incorporate prots & lipids make & break hydrogen peroxide inactivate toxic substances, reg [O2], make/break lipid, metab N bases & carbs |
| mitoch | like proks, have circular DNA replicates indep - ab blocks prok ribosomes but not euk ribosomes? also blocks mitoch ribs - like gram - bact, has inner (ETC) and outer memb |
| cytoskeleton parts | microtubules (biggest) intermediate filaments microfilaments (smallest) |
| microtubules | tubes - for transport within cell & support shape. hollow, of tubulin (globul prot) - end is at MTOC microtub org center grows away from it to make + end ex centrosome (comp of pair centrioles) form flagella & cilia 9+2 dynein: connects microtubs |
| microfilaments | aka actin filaments; reshape cell memb interact w/ myosin = muscle contraction pinching of cytoplasm during cytokinesis (cleavage) |
| intermediate filaments | maint cell shape - structural rigidity bc not as dyanamic as other 2 keratin - hair & skin |
| lysosomes | need low pH to work so when they catch something, its enzymes are activated by pumping protons into interior |
| amphipathic | sounds like fat - has both polar and nonpolar (fat) portion |
| electrical gradient | direction + particle will tend to move |
| membrane permeability | size & charge - small & neutral if polar: hard to cross if big: hard to cross if charged: harder to cross |
| facilitated diffusion | something FACILITATES crossing of molecule but down electrochemical gradient - L or charged molecs |
| simple or passive diffusion | just go from high to low [ ] thru holes - small or nonpolar molecs |
| active transport | ACTIVE = needs E to be active & help molecs move against gradient primary: use ATP (Na/K pump) secondary: use E from gradient of one molec down gradient to move another against gradient - symporter or antiporter |
| hypertonic cells | they are HYPER (more) []d than the outside env in = higher solute, low water water comes in = explodes |
| hypotonic cells | they are HYPO (less) [ ]d than their outside env out = high solute, low water water goes out = shrinks if cell is hypotonic to env |
| osmotic pressure | when [ ] across membranes is different its generated. Pulling pressure generated by [ ] gradient = encourages osmosis - colligative property bc depends on # |
| hypotonic solution | solute [ ] outside cell is lower/water higher than inside cell water moves from high to low = enters cell = explode |
| hypertonic solution | solute [ ] outside cell is higher/water lower than inside cell water moves from high to low = leaves cell = shrinks |
| cell life cycle stages | G1: growing to get ready to divide in S, longest. If not ready enter G0: non growing, some stay forever: neurons, muscles S: DNA replic G2: cell prepS to divide and enter Ms. Organelles keep duplicating prots/RNA ^ interphase Mitosis/Meiosis |
| intercellular junctions | tight junctions: watertight seal from cell to cell, blocks water, ions, proteins - keep from leaking ex bladder, intestines |
| intercellular junctions | desmosomes: join 2 cells @ a single pt, attach directly to cytoskeleton of each cell, in tissue that experiences stress bc of sliding - skin accompany tight j's spot welds |
| intercellular junctions | gap junctions - makes mov of small molecs & ions easier btw cells tunnels |
| second messengers | cAMP, cGMP, calmodulin |
Created by:
orozcomak
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