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Unit 14
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Brown vs. Board of Education | A 1954 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” education for black and white students was unconstitutional |
| Rosa Parks | African American civil rights activist whose refusal to relinquish her seat on a public bus to a white man precipitated the 1955–56 Montgomery bus boycott in Alabama |
| Lunch Counter Sit-Ins | Act of nonviolent protest against a segregated lunch counter in Greensboro, N.C. |
| Freedom Riders | One of the civil rights activists who rode buses through the South in the early 1960s to challenge segregation |
| Martin Luther King, Jr. | An American civil rights activist and Baptist minister who first rose to prominence as leader of the Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott challenging segregated public transportation |
| Civil Rights Act 1964 | A law that banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, national origin, or religion in public places and most workplaces. |
| Voting Rights Act 1965 | A law that made it easier for African Americans to register to vote by eliminating discriminatory literacy tests and authorizing federal examiners to enroll voters denied at the local level |
| Watts Riot | Took place in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles from August 11 to 16, 1965 --- On August 11, 1965, Marquette Frye, an African-American motorist on parole for robbery, was pulled over for reckless driving |
| Malcolm X | An African-American political leader of the twentieth century |
| Ho Chi Minh | A Vietnamese revolutionary leader of the twentieth century --- led the communists of Vietnam in their efforts to drive out the forces of Japan in the 1940s, France in the 1950s, and the United States in the 1960s --- He died in 1969 |
| Domino Theory | The idea that if a nation falls under communist control, nearby nations will also fall under communist control |
| Gulf of Tonkin Resolution | Joint resolution that the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964, in response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident |
| Ho Chin Minh Trail | A network of paths used by North Vietnam to transport supplies to the Vietcong in South Vietnam |
| Tet Offensive | A massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities early in 1968 |
| Hawks | A person who supported U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and believed that the United States should use increased military force to win it |
| Doves | A person who opposed the Vietnam War and believed that the United States should withdraw from it |
| Lyndon B. Johnson | Formally the 37th US VP from 1961 to 1963, he assumed the presidency following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy --- a Democrat from Texas --- served as a United States Representative and as the Majority Leader in the United States Senate |
| Richard M. Nixon | An American politician who served as the 37th president of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he resigned from office, the only U.S. president to do so --- elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 |
| Vietnamization | President Nixon’s strategy for ending U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, involving the gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops and their replacement with South Vietnamese forces |
| Robert F. Kennedy | An American politician and lawyer who served as the 64th United States Attorney General from January 1961 to September 1964, and as a U.S. Senator from New York from January 1965 until his assassination in June 1968 |
| Southern Christian Leadership Conference | An organization formed in 1957 by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and other leaders to work for civil rights through nonviolent means |
| Black Panthers | A militant African-American political organization formed in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to fight police brutality and to provide services in the ghetto |
| Geneva Accords | A 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956 |
| Vietcong | The South Vietnamese Communists who, with North Vietnamese support, fought against the government of South Vietnam in the Vietnam War |
| Napalm | A gasoline-based substance used in bombs that U.S. planes dropped in Vietnam in order to burn away jungle and expose Vietcong hideouts |
| Agent Orange | A toxic leaf-killing chemical sprayed by U.S. planes in Vietnam to expose Vietcong hideouts |
| Search-and-destroy mission | A U.S. military raid on a South Vietnamese village, intended to root out villagers with ties to the Vietcong but often resulting in the destruction of the village and the displacement of its inhabitants |
| Henry Kissinger | An American elder statesman, political scientist, diplomat, and geopolitical consultant who served as United States Secretary of State and National Security Advisor under the presidential administrations of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford |
| Pentagon Papers | A 7,000-page document— leaked to the press in 1971 by the former Defense Department worker Daniel Ellsberg—revealing that the U.S. government had not been honest about its intentions in the Vietnam War |
| William Westmoreland | A United States Army general, most notably commander of United States forces during the Vietnam War from 1964 to 1968 |
| Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) | The southern Vietnamese soldiers with whom U.S. troops fought against communism and forces in the North during the Vietnam War |
| Credibility Gap | A public distrust of statements made by the government |
| Students for a Democratic Society | An antiestablishment New Left group, founded in 1960, that called for greater individual freedom and responsibility |
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