Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Endo
Endocrinology MT2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What happens without Aldosterone?(6) | Decreased: 1-ECF volume 2-blood volume 3-blood pressure-->shock 4-renal blood flow-->incr. renin 5-weakness 6-craving for salt |
| What disease is mainly associated with low Aldosterone? | Addison's disease |
| What happens with hyperkalemia? | 1-Weak cardiac contractions 2-Heart dilated and flaccid 3-block AV conduction 4-cardiac arrest. |
| Cardiovascular effects of no/low cortisol? | hypotension may occur |
| What 5 systems are effected by low/no cortisol? | 1-GI 2-Mental 3-Metabolism 4-Cardiovascular 5-Hormonal |
| Effects on GI without cortisol? | anorexia, nausea, vomiting, weight loss |
| Mental effects of low/no cortisol? | Lethargy, apathy, confusion, depression, psychosis |
| Metabolic effects of low/no cortisol? | fasting hypoglycemia, Impaired fat utilization and gluconeogenesis, liver glucose depleted. |
| Which part of the adrenal gland secretes cortisol | zona fasciculata |
| Which part of the adrenal gland secretes aldosterone | zona glomerulosa |
| Which part of the adrenal gland secretes androgens(DHEA) | zona reticularis |
| _______is a Glucocorticoid | Cortisol |
| ________is a Mineralcorticoid | Aldosterone |
| _______Is an Androgen | dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) |
| How is cortisol transported in the plasma? | 75% bound to the protein transcortin, 15% bound to albumin, 5% unbound |
| What regulates cortisol and DHEA? | ACTH from Ant. Pituitary gland |
| Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is the precursor to _______ | ACTH |
| 4 factors that regulate ACTH secretion. | 1-neg. feedback [cortisol] 2-[CRH] 3-Circadian rhythm (pk@waking) 4-Stress incr. [CRH] |
| 5 factors that regulate aldosterone secretion | 1. Renin-angiotensin system (acts only on zona glomerulosa, no cortisol increase!) 2. Circadian rhythm (peak in the afternoon) 3. Hyperkalemia (increases) 4. Hyponatremia (increases) 5. Trauma (increases ACTH) |
| How is aldosterone transported in the plasma? | 50% bound to plasma proteins, 50% unbound |
| Is cortisol or aldosterone higher in blood plasma? | Cortisol |
| How are adrenal steroids metabolized? | They are made water-soluble in the liver by conjugation with glucoronic acid. The new substance is glucoronide, which is excretable in the urine. |
| What is the major function of glucocorticoids? | To stimulate gluconeogenesis (increase blood glucose) |
| What are the other functions of cortisol? | Protein metabolism (increase protein synthesis by the liver), Fat metabolism, Stress function, Anti-inflammatory, Increase blood pressure, increase appetite |
| Is collagenase inhibited or stimulated by cortisol? | Stimulated |
| How does cortisol have an anti-inflammatory effect? | By stabilizing lysosomal membranes, inhibits release of kinin, vasodilation, and increased capillary permeability |
| What is the major function of mineralocorticoids? | Conserve water and keep K-level balanced (increase Na reabsorption with water following passively, and excrete K in the kidneys) |
| What are the other functions of aldosterone? | Increase H+-ATPase, Increase Cl- reabsorption, Increase fluid volumes |
| What is the main factor that stimulates renin secretion? | Hypotension |
| What is the major function of androgens? | Development of sexual maturity |
| What is Cushing syndrome? | Overactive adrenals=high cortisol levels. Most common=iatrogenic most common non-iatrogenic = pituitary tumor with increase in ACTH. |
| What is Cushing’s Disease? | Excess pituitary ACTH (70% of cases) |
| What is Primary (Conn’s syndrome) hyperaldosteronism? | an adrenal adenoma secretes high levels of aldosterone-->decreases renin. Major symptoms: hypertension, hypokalemia, muscle weakness, occasional paralysis, alight alkalosis (increased H+ secretion) |
| What causes secondary hyperaldosteronism? | Dehydration, cardiac failure, hemorrhage, renal artery stenosis |
| What is primary adrenal insufficiency? | Addison’s disease |
| What is secondary adrenal insufficiency? | Normal adrenals, decreased ACTH, decreased cortisol due to hypopituitarism |
| What is Limited adrenal reserve? | No increase in ACTH in response to stress |
| Most common symptoms of Cushing's syndrome. | axial obesity, buffalo hump muscle wasting hirsutism hypertension hyperglycemia poor wound healing |
| What is Addison's disease? | caused by autoimmune or TB, decrease cortisol and ALD w/sufficient levels of ACTH, Major symptoms: hypotension, weight loss, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia (cardiac arrhythmias!), hyperpigmentation. If not treated, death within 2 weeks |
| 1. The adrenal gland is composed of two anatomical parts: __________ __________, and the __________ ___________. | Adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex |
| 2. The adrenal gland is composed of two functional zones: __________ __________, which secretes aldosterone and the __________ __________ or __________ ___________ which secretes cortisol and androgens. | Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis |
| 31. Glucocorticoids have an anti-inflammatory effect by stabilizing __________ __________. | Lysosomal membranes |
| 40. A condition in which there is hypercortisolism: __________ ___________. | Cushings syndrome |
| 58. People who are able to maintain enough ACTH for basal function, but have no increase in ACTH in response to stress is said to have ___________ ___________ ____________. | Limited Adrenal Reserve |
| 88. Type I diabetes destroys __________ cells, results in a decrease in _________ and a decrease response to test dose of glucose. | Beta, insulin |
| 89. An increase in ___________ will cause an increase in insulin resistance. | Estrogen |
| 93. Other predisposing factors of type II diabetes include: | GlucoC, Estro--> increase insulin resistance in tissues GH, GlucoC--> increase blood glucose stress--> inc. GH, GlucoC, EPI, NE, Glucagon-->inc. blood glucose pregnancy-->inc. Estro, placental lactogen--> inc. insulin resistance |
| 97. Fasting blood glucose has a normal range 70-105mg/100ml but if it is greater than ___________ on more than one occasion, this is diagnostic of diabetes. | 126mg/100ml |
| 98. Another diagnostic test for diabetes includes the _________ _________ test. | Glucose tolerance |
| 99. The most common cause of death in type II diabetes is __________ _________ _________ disease. | Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease |
| 100. A decrease in insulin increases fatty acids in liver which increases cholesterol production by liver which increase plasma cholesterol which leads to ___________. | Atherosclerosis |
| 103. The most common cause of death in type I diabetes is __________. | Nephropathy/ renal failure |
| 109. Type I and II diabetics should consume foods with a low ________ _________. | Glycemic index |
| 110. ___________ has an insulin like effect on skeletal muscle and is a beneficial treatment for both types of diabetes. | Exercise |
| 114. What are the 3 causes of metabolic syndrome? | 1-Poor diet 2-sedentary lifestyle 3-genetic predisposition |
| 115. Treatment of metabolic syndrome can consist of: | Glucose tolerance, blood pressure can be helped by weight loss and increased physical activity; abnormal lipids decreased by |
Created by:
lerch
Popular Chiropractic sets