Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Cardio Physio 2.1
Cardio Phys
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Long term control of blood spectrum is______ | initiate (min/hr) and lasts for days/weeks |
| What organ has a regulatory control in MAP? | Kidney |
| 3 steps of Pressure Diuresis | 1-fluid volume increases 2-pressure increases 3-fluid excretion increases |
| 4 steps of Pressure Natriuresis | 1-Na level increases 2-volume increases 3-pressure increases 4-fluid excretion increases |
| Explain Renin-Angiotensis System | JGA's (Macula densa) -releases-PG's-releases-Renin-circs to Liver-converts to Angiotensinogen-converts to Ang-1-converts to Ang 2-via angiotensin-converting Enzyme)= vasoconstriction-->increased TPR -->increased pressure-->increase fluid excretion |
| What is the equation used for Hemodynamic flow in a blood vessel? | like Ohm's law. Flow=diff. in pressure/resistance. F=deltaP/R |
| Hemodynamic flow in an organ equation? | F=(Pa-Pv)/R |
| Hemodynamic flow across a heart valve equation? | F=(Piv-Pao)R |
| Blood flow is produced by? | pressure gradients |
| Hemodynamic laminar versus turbulent flow basic equation? | V=F/A Velocity = Flow/Area |
| What is laminar flow? | smooth, steady. center mass of fluid column moves faster (Vmax) than peripheral fluid column due to peripheral fluid friction against vessel walls. |
| What is turbulent flow? | Chaotic, non-linear flow of blood d/t: 1-High velocity of flow 2-Pulsatile flow 3-Large vessel diameter 4-Sudden change in vessel diameter |
| Turbulent flow tendency equation? | Re=(VxDxP)/n Reynold's number (Re) V=average velocity D=diameter P=density n=viscosity |
| What 4 things determine resistance to blood flow? | 1-BV size 2-series vs parallel network 3-characteristics of blood 4-External forces acting on vessels |
| Blood vessel resistance equation? | R= L x n /r^4 L=Length of vessel n = viscosity of blood r = radius of vessel to 4th power |
| What is Poiseuille's Law for blood flow and resistance | F=ΔPr4 π /8ηL Length of vessel (L) and viscosity (n) vary little. delta P and vessel radius (r) are main factors affecting blood flow |
| Describe effects of blood vessel radius on blood flow. | ---Radius = 1 mm, Resistance = R, Blood flow = F ---Radius = 2 mm, Resistance =1/16R, Blood flow = 16F ---Radius = 1/2 mm, Resistance = 16R, Blood flow = 1/16F |
| Formula for Total resistance in a series system. | Rt= R1 + R2 + R3 any increase in R 1, 2, or 3 increases Rt. |
| Formula for Total resistance in a parallel system. | Rt = 1/(1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3) (average of resistances) any increase in R 1, 2, or 3 yields little effect on Rt. |
| Viscosity is best defined as_______ | resistance to flow of a solution as compared to water. |
| What are normal % of RBCs for M/F? | M=42-54%, F = 38-46% of blood volume is RBCs |
| Intrinsic ability of an organ to maintain a constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure. | Autoregulation |
| What 3 things does autoregulation depend on? | 1-Myogenic 2-Metabolic 3-Endothelial Controls |
| Describe intrinsic myogenic control mechanisms of blood flow. | intrinsic vascular smooth muscle responds to change in arterial BP. F = P/R |
| Describe intrinsic metabolic control mechanisms of blood flow. | increase or decrease in tissue activity leads to an increased or decreased release of vasoactive substances. 1-low O2-->hypoxia and adenosine 2-low pH-->d/t incr. [CO2], Lactic acid, and H+ 3-incr. ECF [K+] and paracrine signals |
| Tissues undergoing high metabolic activities producing more waste, dilates vessels, increasing blood flow to that tissue. | Active hyperemia |
| Constriction or ischemia causes build-up of metabolic wastes which dilates vessels, increasing blood flow to that tissue. | Reactive hyperemia |
| Describe intrinsic Endothelial control mechanisms of blood flow. | Endothelium (simple squamous epithelium that lines the tunica intima) releases endo factors to regulate vasoconstriction/dilation. 1-Smooth muscle relaxation = bradykinin, NO, PG 1 =dilation 2-Endothelin-1 stims smooth muscle contraction =constriction |
| What are 3 Extrinsic factors that regulate blood flow? | 1-Sympathetic activities 2- Parasympathetic 3-Hormones |
| Sympathetic activities regulating blood flow? | NE acts on Alpha-1 (adrenergic) Stim's vasoconstriction EPI acts on Beta-2 (adrenergic) Stim's vasodilation |
| Parasympathetic activities regulating blood flow? | ACH acts in cleft (cholinergic) with little effect on vessel tone or resistance. ACH stims vasodilation in digestive tract, external genitalia, and salivary glands. |
| 4 hormones that extrinsically regulate blood flow? | 1-AG-II(angiotensin-II) = VasoCon, incr. vessel resistance and BP 2-ADH = Vasocon, little vessel effect 3-Histamine = Vasodilation in response to inflammation 4-ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide released) = Vasodilation in response to incr. venous return |
| Alpha-adrenergic effects on vessels? Beta-adrenergic effects on vessels? | Vasoconstriction(NE), vasodilation(EPI) |
| What NT's cause Vasoconstriction? | NE-adrenergic receptor, Angiotensin-II and ADH= G-protein coupled receptor |
| What NT's cause Vasodilation? | ACh(Muscarinic Rx), EPI(adrenergic Rx) |
| Parasympathetic nerves effects on vessels? | Vasodilation via ACh |
| how much body water is found in cells? | 2/3 is intracellular of the remaining 1/3-->80% interstitial, 20% extracellular |
| Movement of water between interstitial spaces and capillaries are maintained by_________ | Osmotic forces |
| Fluid is always circulating in a state of ___________ ___________ | Dynamic equilibrium |
| What results from combining hydrostatic and oncotic(Starling) pressures that affect fluid movement across capillary membranes? | Net Driving Force (NDF) |
| What is one Starling Force equation? (1) | (pc+πi) - (pi + πc) fluid out fluid in (BHP + IFOP) – (IFHP + BPOP) fluid out fluid in |
| Typical Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (BHP) at 1-arteriolar end of capillary. 2-Venular end | 1-37 mmHg 2-17 mmHg |
| Typical pressure of Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure | 1 mmHg |
| Blood plasma has _______ oncotic pressure than_________ d/t abundance of blood proteins. | higher, interstitial fluid |
| Blood Plasma Oncotic Pressure? (BPOP) -1 Interstitial Fluid Oncotic Pressure? (IFOP)-2 | 1=25 mmHg 2= 0 mmHg favors movement of fluid into IntraVF |
| Net pressure via Starling Forces at arteriolar end of capillary forces fluid out of intravascular space into interstitial space is also known as________ | Filtration |
| Net pressure via Starling Forces at venular end of capillary forces fluid back into intravascular space is also known as_________ | Reabsorption |
| Venular return is not 100%. _____ to______% remains in interstitial spaces, entering lymphatic circulation, THEN venous return. | 10-15 |
| Edema can result from 6 possible things. | 1-high arterial BP 2-Venous blockage 3-Plasma protein leakage into interstitial space 4-Myxedema(excess mucin in ECF caused by Hypothyroidism) 5-Decr. plasma protein concentration 6-Lymphatic drain blockage. |
| The heart myocardium receives the most blood during which phase? | The diastolic phase. blood flow is restricted during systolic phase. |
| What does cardiac tissue contain that allows perfusion of oxygen during systolic phase? | myoglobin stores oxygen for used during systolic phase when blood flow is restricted. |
| EPI on B1 receptors + Intrinsic metabolic control + Paracrine regulators = ______ | Functional Sympatholysis |
| When and why do arterioles have higher vascular resistance? | At rest due to alpha-adrenergic sympathetic stem. Blood flow decreases during contraction, and increases during relaxation. |
| What stims vasodilation during exercise? | Adrenal EPI on B2 receptors overriding muscular tone. Active hyperemia |
| how much does skeletal muscle blood flow increase during exercise? | 20-50 times normal. may reach 80% of total cardiac output |
| What is the flow rate of blood to the brain? | Cerebral circulation is held constant at 750 mL/min (the brain hates change) |
| What happens to cerebral vessels when blood pressure falls? | cerebral vessels automatically dilate to maintain blood flow rate. F=P/R |
| What happens to cerebral vessels when blood pressure rises? | cerebral vessels automatically constrict to maintain blood flow rate. F=P/R |
| What causes increased blood flow to certain regions of brain? | -due to arteriole sensitivity to metabolic changes. -Active Neurons release K+, adenosine, NO, which cause vasodilation. -Astrocytes release PGE2 which stims Ca++ wave |
| What is a simple fix for headache? | hyperventilation will temporarily increase blood flow which will temporarily alleviate headache. |
| Approximately ____ blood is sent to the skin. | 4% |
| When body temperature is higher than normal. | hypothalamus incr. Sympathetic activities increase vasodilation via B-2 EPI receptors. |
| When ambient temperature is lower than body temperature. | hypothalamus incr. Sympathetic activities increases vasoconstriction via B-1 NE receptors.. |
| What are 5 initial circulatory changes during exercise? (ISMDD) | 1-Increased CO 2-Symp vasodilation 3-Metabolic/endothelial vasodilation 4-Diversion of blood away from viscera 5-Diversion of blood away from skin (incr to brain a small amount during moderate, decr. to brain during intense exercise) |
| Results of Endurance training on cardiac tissues. (5) | 1-Incr. coronary arteriole density 2-Incr. prod of NO 3-Decr. compression of systolic compression of arterioles 4-Lower resting HR d/t incr. SA inhibition 5-Incr. SV d/t incr. B.vol + Incr. contractility |
| Equation for Net Driving Force | (BHP + IFOP) - (IFHP + BPOP) fluid out. Fluid in Blood Hydrostatic Pressure Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure Interstitial Fluid Oncotic Pressure Blood Plasma Oncotic Pressure |
| Where is ADH manufactured? and what stimulates it? | 1- origin is Supraoptic nuclei of the posterior pituitary. 2- osmoreceptors detect increased plasma osmality, stims ADH release, which acts on collecting ducts, which stimulates aquaporin production to reabsorb more water. |
| Where is Aldosterone manufactured, why, and what does it do? | 1-Zona glomerulosa 2- indirectly senses reduced blood volume and blood pressure. 3- Stim's resorption of Na and K in DCT and collecting ducts of nephron(water follows minerals) |
| what are 5 functions of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) | 1-Antagonist of Aldosterone--increases diuresis 2-Increases GFR--via vasodilation of afferent, constrict of Efferent 3-Decreases Aldosterone sec. 4-Decreases Renin secretion at JGA granular cells 5-Induces systemic vasodilation--inhibition of NE |
| What nerve inhibits the posterior pituitary gland from secreting ADH and why? | the vagus nerve, when atria is stretched. |
Created by:
lerch
Popular Chiropractic sets