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Chapter 21
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Industrial Revolution | a period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s |
enclosure movement | a process in Europe from 1700s to the mid-1800s where landowners fenced small fields to create large farms, allowing for more efficient farming methods increased the food supply |
factors of production | the basic resources for industrialization, such as land, labor, and capital |
cottage industry | a usually small-scale industry carried on at home by family members using their own equipment |
factory | a place where goods are manufactured in mass quantity |
industrialization | developing industries for the production of goods |
Jethro Tull | British inventor. he invented the seed drill |
Richard Arkwright | English inventor, in 1769 he patented the spinning frame, which spun stronger, thinner, thread |
James Watt | Scottish inventor, he developed crucial innovations to make the steam engine efficient |
Robert Fulton | American engineer and inventor, he built the first commercially successful, full-sized steamboat, the Clermont, which led to the development of commercial steamboat ferry services for goods and people |
labor union | an organization representing workers' interests |
strike | a work stoppage |
mass production | the system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items |
interchangeable parts | identical machine-made parts that can be substituted for each other in manufacturing |
assembly line | a mass-production process in which a product is moved forward through many work stations where workers preform specific tasks |
Iaissez-faire | a business system where companies are allowed to conduct business without interference by the government |
Adam Smith | Scottish economist, he became the leader advocate of Iaissez faire economics and is considered by some to be the "father of modern economics" |
Thomas Malthus | English economist and sociologist; his theory that population growth of food production an that poverty would always exist was used to justify low wages and laws restricting charity to the poor |
entreperneur | a risk taker who starts a new business within the economic system of capitalism |
Andrew Carnegie | American industrialist and humanitarian, he led forces against Vitoriano Huerta during the Mexican Revolution |
socialism | a political and economic system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns the means of production |
Karl Marx | German social philosopher and chief theorist of modern socialism and communism, he declared that as capitalism grew, more and more workers would become improvised and miserable |
communism | economic and political system in which government owns the means of production and controls economic planning |
standard of livng | a measure of the quality of life |