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Endo
Endocrinolgy MT1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a hormone? | A chemical secreted into bodily fluids (blood) by a group of cells to another group of cells where it produces an effect. |
| What is a target tissue? | Tissues that are effected by a particular hormone via specific receptor for that hormone. |
| What hormones are produced in the Anterior Pituitary? | MSH, FSH, Prolactin, GH, LH, TSH, ACTH (My Front Pituitary Gland Lets Things Accumulate) |
| What hormones are produced in the Posterior Pituitary? | ADH, OXY |
| What hormones are produced in the Thyroid? | Calcitonin, Tri-iodothyronine(T3), Thyroxine(T4) Tetra-iodothyronine. |
| What hormones are produced in the parathyroid? | PTH |
| What hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex? | Aldosterone, Cortisol |
| What hormones are produced in the adrenal medulla? | EPI, NE |
| What hormones are produced in the Pancreas? | Insulin, Glucagon |
| What hormones are produced in the Testes? | Testosterone |
| What hormones are produced in the ovaries? | Estrogen, Progesterone |
| What hormones are produced by the placenta? | Estrogen, Progesterone, hCG(human chorionic gonadotropin) hPL (human Placental Lactogen) |
| Steroid hormones? | Cortisol, Aldosterone, Progesterone, Estrogen, Testosterone (CAPET=roids) |
| What are hormones made from? | Lipid soluble cholesterol |
| Which hormones are Tyrosine based? | T3, T4, EPI, NE |
| Where are protein and peptide hormones produced? | RER |
| Where are pro-hormones produced? | ER |
| From ER to__________.(next step for peptide hormones) | Golgi Apparatus |
| Where is EPI and NE formed? | Synthesized in cytoplasm and absorbed into preformed storage vesicles. |
| How do steroid hormones differ from others in storage? | Small amounts of the hormone are stored, large amounts of precursors (cholesterol) are stored in the cell |
| How long until hormone secretion is increased when stimulating adrenal medullary hormone? | 1 second |
| How long do the hormonal effects last? | Peak after 1 minute |
| How long until hormonal secretion is increased when stimulating TSH? | 30 minutes |
| How long do effects of TSH last? | 6 weeks |
| What receptors are on outside of cell? | protein/peptide hormone and catecholamine receptors |
| What receptors are in cytoplasm? | All steroids minus estrogen |
| What receptors are in nucleus? | Estrogen, T3, T4. |
| What is the function of cyclic AMP (cAMP)? | PRO synth, activate other enzymes, alter permeability, secretion, and smooth muscle contraction |
| What does up-regulation mean? | increased number of receptors |
| From what embryologic tissue does the anterior pituitary derive? | Rathke’s pouch or oral epithelium |
| From what embryologic tissue does the posterior pituitary derive? | Neural ectoderm |
| Pituitary aka's. (3) | Ant. lobe = Pars distalis = adenohypophysis. Int. lobe = Pars intermedia Post. lobe = Pars nervosa = neurohypophysis. |
| Ant. Pituitary cell types (3) | acidophils, basophils, chromophobes (ABC) |
| What cell type is a lactotrope? | Acidophil secretes Prolactin |
| What cell type is a somatotrope? | Acidophil secretes GH (somatotropin) |
| What 3 pituitary cell types are considered Basophils? | Corticotrope = corticotropin = ACTH + cortisol Thyrotrope = Thyrotropin(TSH) = T3, T4 Gonadotrope = Gonadotropin = FSH + LH |
| What is a chromophobe? | Non-secretory cell, undifferentiated |
| What are 4 hypothalmic hormones? | TRH, CRH, GHRH, GnRH, Somatostatin, Dopamine |
| Name 2 inhibitory functions of the hypothalamus? | Somatostatin decreases growth hormone Dopamine decreases prolactin |
| What is TRH and what does it do? | Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone increases Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH-Thyrotropin) secretion from Thyrotrope-Basophil |
| What is CRH and what does it do? | Corticotropin Releasing Hormone increases AdrenoCorticoTropin Hormone(Corticotropin) secretion from Corticotrope-Basophil |
| What is GHRH and what does it do? | Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone increases Growth Hormone (GH-somatotropin) secretion from Somatotrope-Acidophil |
| What is GnRH and what does it do? | Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone increases Gonadotropins (FSH + LH) secretion from Gonadotrope-Basophil |
| What are some basic actions of growth hormone? | Hypertrophy -increased cell size Hyperplasia – increased # of cells |
| 46. How does GH change metabolism | It increases protein synthesis, increases fat mobilization and decreases the use of carbohydrate |
| 47. What is the effect of GH on protein deposition | It increases protein synthesis by ribosomes, increases transcription (mRNA), increases protein transport through cell membranes and decreases catabolism |
| 48. What is the effect of GH on cartilage and bone growth | It stimulates the liver to produce IGF’s that stimulate growth |
| 49 What is the effect of GH on fat metabolism | It increases the use of fat for energy by increasing fat mobilization |
| 50 What is the effect of GH on Carbohydrates | It increases blood glucose, decreases glucose uptake of the cells, increased glycogen deposition, and decreased use of glucose for energy. |
| 51. How is GH regulated and When is it highest | It is regulated by negative feedback and by circadian rhythm (increased GH during 1st two hours of sleep) |
| 52. Who has the highest levels of GH | Children/adolescents – 6 ng/ml (Adults 1.5 - 3 ng/ml) |
| 53. When does GH levels increase | Starvation, Hypoglycemia, decr. plasma fatty acids, exercise, and stress |
| 54. Where is GH catabolized | It is broken down in the proximal tubules of the kidney |
| 55. What would early onset of GH deficiency cause | Pituitary dwarfism 1/3 have only GH deficiency = normal sexual maturity |
| 56. What are the causes of adult onset panhypopituitarism | Chromophobe tumor, craniopharyngioma, or thrombosis of pituitary blood vessels |
| 57. What are the effects of panhypopituitarism | There is a loss of sexual function, hypothyroidism, decreased cortisol, and a weight gain (fat storage) |
| 58. What does an oversecretion of GH cause | Gigantism (if before adolescence), hyperglycemia, acromegaly (if after adolescence) and even death {overactive acidophils} |
| 59. What are the symptoms of acromegaly | There is a thickening of bones (membranous and cranial), prominence of the supraorbital ridges, enlargement of the hands, feet, lower jaw, nose, and ears, kyphosis, visceromegaly and a decreased life expectancy |
| 60. What are the major glands that regulate growth | Anterior pituitary (GH), thyroid (T3, T4), pancreas (insulin), liver (IGF’s-aka somatomedin) and gonads (androgens) |
| 61. What does the liver contribute to the regulation of growth | It contributes somatomedins (IGF, IGF- 1 post-natal/Somatomedin C, IGF-2 pre-natal/Somatomedin A) |
| 62. Which hormones are most important for fetal growth/fetal growth regulators | Insulin & IGF–2-Somatomedin A [from mother,self,placenta] |
| 63. What are some forms of endocrine dwarfism | They are pituitary dwarfs, cretinism, Laron dwarf, and African pygmy |
| 64. What is cretinism | It is the result of early thyroid deficiency (mental retardation) |
| 65. What causes cretinism | Hypothyroidism |
| 66. What causes Laron dwarfism | A lack of GH receptors (norm GH)=decreased IGF; it is an autosomal recessive trait |
| 67. What causes African pygmies size (~ 4’ tall) | A deficient level of IGF-1 (somatomedin C) |
| 68. What is most important for fetal growth | IGF–2 and insulin |
| 69. Aka’s for IGF-1 and IGF-2 | IGF-1= somatomedin C; IGF–2 = somatomedin A |
| 70. What does mother’s milk contain | Steroids, prolactin, insulin, IGF’s |
| 71.What is the function of ADH | Increase amount of water reabsorption in the kidneys (conserve water), response to atrial input via baroreceptors |
| 72. What is another name for ADH | vasopressin |
| 73. How is ADH regulated | Neurons in ant.Hypothalamus are sensitive to osmolarity increases in the ECF, increase ADH, kidney’s reabsorb more water |
| 74. What is the half-life of ADH | 18 minutes |
| 75. What are some factors that increase ADH secretion | Anxiety, trauma, pain, morphine, nicotine, tranquilizers, some anesthetics, and angiotensins |
| 76. What are some factors that decrease ADH secretion | Alcohol because it suppresses activity of neurons (diuretic) |
| 77. What is the syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion | Excess ADH usually from a tumor, leads to hyponatremia |
| 78. what occurs for deficiency of ADH | Diabetes Insipidus (-ADH) Nephrogenic DI (-ADH receptors) |
| 79. Effect of Oxytocin | Effect on Uterus. Uterine contractions during labor. Direct myometrium. Other effects are on limbic system in both men and women increased by touch- reflects on bonding and trust. |
| 80. what is regulation of Oxytocin | + Feedback – stretch from pressure on cervix. Pressure receptor in nipples cause milk ejection. |
| 81. what is pitocin and its uses | Control endometrial bleeding after giving birth. Stimulate onset of labor. |
| 82. what is the make up of posterior lobe hormones | ADH and oxytoxin are peptide protein |
| What is Hashimoto's disease? | Chronic thyroiditis--most common cause of hypothyroidism and goiter in U.S. 4x more common in women |
| Is Hypothyroidism common? | The most common endocrine disorder in adults. |
| Describe an Endemic colloid goiter. | -enlarged thyroid attempts to make more thyroglobulin d/t dietary iodine deficiency |
| Describe an Idiopathic nontoxic colloid goiter | -enlarged thyroid, but not d/t low dietary iodine intake. "Idiopathic"= cause unknown. |
| What are 7 signs of hypothyroidism? | 1-Apathy 2-Lethargy 3-Depression 4-Sleepiness 5-Sluggish muscles 6-Scaly dry skin 7-Brittle dry hair. ALDSSSB (Apathy Lets Dogs Sleep, Slumber, Scamper, and Brighten) |
| What are 11 signs/symptoms of hyperthyroidism? | 1-Diarrhea 2-Nervousness 3-Fatigue 4-Insomnia 5-tremors in hands 6- Exophthalmos (protrusion of eye balls, only in Graves disease) 7-Tachycardia 8-Intolerance to heat 9-increased sweating 10-Warm/flushed skin 11-weight loss |
| What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism? | Grave's disease |
| Other causes of hyperthyroidism? (2) | 1-Thyroid tumor (adenoma) 2-Toxic multi nodular goiter |
| Name 2 antithyroid substances. | 1-Thiocyanate-blocks iodide pump 2-Propythiouracil (PTU) |
| what effect would an increase in Thyroid hormones have on appetite? | increased T-hormones= increased appetite. |
| What effect does Thyroid health have on sleep? | Hyperthyroid=insomnia while hypothyroid=sleepiness |
| Which Thyroid hormone is more potent? longer half-life? | T3=4x more potent (than T4) T4=4x longer half-life (than T3) |
| How much iodine do we need for thyroid function? | approx. 1 mg/wk (ingested as I- Iodide salts) |
| What embryological tissue does thyroid originate from? | Thyroglossal duct (down growth from posterior part of tongue) |
| What is synthetic oxytocin called? | Pitocin. -Stim labor -Strengthen weak contractions -Control postpartum bleeding |
| Describe Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) | Excess ADH (usually from a tumor)= excess water retention which leads to hyponatremia (low sodium concentration in ECF) |
| Factors that increase ADH. (6) | 1-Trauma 2-Pain 3-Anxiety 4-Morphine 5-Nicotine 6-Tranquilizers (T-PAMNT) |
| Factors that inhibit ADH. (2) | 1-Alcohol 2-Caffeine |
| What is the root disorder with Diabetes mellitus (T-II)? | lack of insulin receptors. |
| What is the Oxytocic reflex? | Stim of nipple IE for breast feeding, stims Oxy release which stims ejection of milk. |
Created by:
lerch
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