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Introduction
Sociology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| social institutions | it's the various organised social arrangements which are found in all societies |
| social structure | refers to the social institutions and social relationships that form the building blocks of society |
| objectivity | the absence of bias or preconceived ideas, it implies that we can look at things as they really are without our opinions or values getting in the way |
| value freedom | means sociologists should try not to let their prejudices and beliefs influence the way they carry out their research and interpret evidence |
| socialization | the process whereby people learn the attitudes, values and actions appropriate for individuals as members of a particular culture |
| culture | everything learned and shared by a society or group of people and transmitted from generation to generation through socialization |
| identity | the individuals sense of self which is influenced by socialization and interactions with others |
| roles | are the patterns of behaviour which are expected from individuals in society |
| role models | are peoples patterns of behaviour which others copy and model their own behaviour on |
| role conflict | difficulties that occur when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person |
| values | are beliefs about what is right or wrong in a particular society which set standards that should be maintained |
| laws | are official legal rules that are formally enforced and involve legal punishment if broken |
| norms | are social rules that define the correct and acceptable behaviour in a society or social group which people should conform to |
| customs | are norms which have lasted from a long time and have become a part of societies tradition |
| social control | the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behaviour in any society |
| deviance | is the failure to conform to social norms |
| sanctions | penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm |
| a social class is | a group of people who share a similar economic situation which was used by max weber |
| income | is a flow of money which people obtain from work from their investments or from the state |
| wealth | is property in the form of assets which can be sold and turned into the cash for the benefit of the owner |
| life chances | are the chances of obtaining things that are classed as desirable as well as avoiding those that are defined as undesirable in society |
| social mobility | movements of individuals or groups up or down the social hierarchy from one social class to another |
| the upper class | consists of those who are the main owners of societies wealth |
| the middle class | consists of those in non manual work jobs that are usually in an office |
| the working class | consists of those working in manual jobs like factory or labouring work |
| the underclass is | made up of those who are cut off or excluded from the rest of society |
| status | can refer to the role someone holds in society or the amount of social importance a person has in the eyes of other members in a group or society |
| ascribed status | is status given by birth or family background which usually cannot be changed by individuals |
| achieved status | is status that is achieved by an individuals own efforts or talents |
| ethnicity | refers to the shared culture of a social group which gives its members a common identity in some ways different from that of other social groups |
| a minority ethnic group | is a social group which shares a cultural identity which is different from that of the majority population of a society |
| gender | refers to the culturally created differences between men and women which are learnt through socialisation |
| sex | refers to the biological differences between men and women as opposed to culturally created gender differences |
| a sociological perspective | involves a set of theories which influences what is looked at when studying society |
| structuralism | is a perspective that is concerned with the overall structure of society and sees individual behaviour being moulded by social institutions |
| a macro approach | focuses on the large scale structure of society as a whole rather than on individuals |
| functionalism is | a sociological perspective that sees society as being made up of parts which work together to maintain society as an integrated whole |
| functional prerequisites | are the basic needs that must be met if society is to survive |
| value consensus | is a general agreement around the main values and norms of any society |
| marxism | is a structural theory of society which sees society divided by conflict between two main opposing classes due to private ownership of the means of production |
| the means of production are | the key resources necessary for producing societies goods |
| the relations of production are | the forms of relationship between the people involved in production and those who control production so cooperation or private ownership and control |
| ideology | is a set of ideas values and beliefs that represent the outlook and justifies the interests of a social group |
| surplus value | is the extra value added by workers to the products they produce which after allowing for wages goes to the employer as profit |
| the bourgeoisie is | the class that is made up of the owners of the means of production in industrial societies whose primary goal is to make a profit |
| the proletariat is | the social class of workers who have to work for wages as they do not own the means of production |
| labour power refers to | a persons capacity to work people sell their labour power to an employer and receives wages in return |
| class conflict | is the conflict that arises between different social classes |
| the ruling class | is the social class who own the means of production and whose power over the economy gives them power over all parts of society |
| the dominant ideology | is the set of ideas and beliefs of the most powerful groups in society which influences the ideas of the rest of society |
| false consciousness | is a failure by members of a social class to recognize their real interests |
| class consciousness | is an awareness in members of a social class of their real interests |
| communism | refers to an equal society without social classes or class conflict where the means of production belong to everyone |
| social action theories | are the same as interpretivist theories |
| interpretivist theories | emphasize the creative action people can take instead of seeing themselves as passive victims of social forces outside of them |
| determinism is | the idea that peoples behaviour is moulded by their social surroundings and that they have little free will choice or control over how they behave |
| a micro approach | focuses on small groups or individuals rather than on the structure of society as a whole |
| symbolic interactionism | is a sociological perspective which is concerned with understanding human behaviour in face to face situations |
| labelling | the process of attaching a definition or meaning to an individual or group |
| structuration | is an approach between structuralism and social action theory that suggests that even though people are constrained by social institutions they are still able to have choice and even support or change the institutions |
| feminism | a sociological perspective and political movement that focuses on womens oppression and the struggle to end it |
| marxist feminism | emphasises the way in which women are doubly exploited as workers and women |
| radical feminism | focuses on the problems caused by men and male domination under patriarchy |
| patriarchy | is a system in which males dominate in every area of society |
| liberal feminism | focuses on measures to ensure that women have equal opportunities with men in society |
| new right | stresses individual freedom, self-help and self-reliance |
| the new right believe in | the reduction of the states power and spending |
| the new right like the idea | of a free market and allowing free competition between private companies, schools and other institutions |
| postmodernism | stresses that society is changing rapidly and constantly leading to chaos, uncertainty and risk |
| postmodernism believe | that society is fragmented into many different groups, interests and lifestyles |
| a metanarrative | is a broad all embracing theory or explanation for how societies operate |
| a social problem | is something that is seen as being harmful to society in some way and needs something doing to sort it out |
| a sociological problem | is any social issue that needs explaining |
| social policy | refers to packages of plans and actions adopted by national and local government to solve social problems or achieve other goals that are seen as important |
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