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Unit Nine
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Allies | The group of nations—originally consisting of Great Britain, France, and Russia and later joined by the United States, Italy, and others—that opposed the Central Powers |
| Central Powers | The group of nations—led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire—that opposed the Allies in World War I |
| U-Boats | German submarines |
| Lusitania | A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-boat in 1915 |
| Zimmermann Note | A message sent in 1917 by the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico, proposing a German-Mexican alliance and promising to help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if the United States entered World War I |
| Selective Service Act | A law, enacted in 1917, that required men to register for military service |
| Rationing | A restriction of people’s right to buy unlimited amounts of particular foods and other goods, often implemented during wartime to ensure adequate supplies for the military |
| War Industries Board | An agency established during World War I to increase efficiency and discourage waste in war-related industries |
| American Expeditionary Force | The U.S. forces, led by General John Pershing, who fought with the Allies in Europe during World War I. |
| Fourteen Points | The principles making up President Woodrow Wilson’s plan for world peace following World War I |
| No Man's Land | An unoccupied region between opposing armies |
| Convoy System | The protection of merchant ships from U-boat—German submarine—attacks by having the ships travel in large groups escorted by warships |
| Conscientious Objector | A person who refuses, on moral grounds, to participate in warfare |
| Reparations | The compensation paid by a defeated nation for the damage or injury it inflicted during a war |
| Nationalism | A devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation |
| Militarism | The policy of building up armed forces in aggressive preparedness for war and their use as a tool of diplomacy |
| Triple Alliance | A union or association between three powers or states, in particular that made in 1668 between England, the Netherlands, and Sweden against France, and that in 1882 between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy against France and Russia |
| Triple Entente | The military alliance formed between Russia, Great Britain and France before World War I |
| Archduke Ferdinand | Archduke of Austria and heir apparent to Francis Joseph I --- his assassination at Sarajevo triggered the outbreak of World War I |
| Sussex Pledge | A promise made by Germany to the United States in 1916, during World War I before the latter entered the war |
| Propaganda | A kind of biased communication designed to influence people’s thoughts and actions |
| Sedition Act | An act of the United States Congress that extended the Espionage Act of 1917 to cover a broader range of offenses |
| Espionage Act | A United States federal law passed on June 15, 1917, shortly after the U.S. entry into World War I --- makes it illegal to write or speak anything critical of American involvement in the war |
| Russian Revolution | Revolution in Russia in 1917–1918, also called the October Revolution, that overthrew the czar and brought the Bolsheviks, a Communist party led by Lenin, to power |
| The League of Nations | An association of nations established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace |
| The Treaty of Versailles | The 1919 peace treaty at the end of World War I which established new nations, borders, and war reparations |
| The Great Migration | The large-scale movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities in the early 20th century |
| Genocide | The deliberate and systematic extermination of a particular racial, national, or religious group |
| Weimar Republic | The democratic government founded in Germany following Kaiser Wilhelm II's abdication near the end of War World I |
| Mandates | The authority to act that an elected official receives from the voters who elected him or her |
| War-Guilt Clause | A provision in the Treaty of Versailles by which Germany acknowledged that it alone was responsible for World War I. |
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