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Social Linguists
Studies of social communities
| Linguist | Investigation |
|---|---|
| Grice | Created ‘The Cooperative Principle’, a theory that seeks to explain how it is that conversation tends to succeed rather than fail based on the quality, the quantity, the relevance and the manner of the conversation |
| Coates | Identified the denotation of cooperativeness in meetings and competitiveness in meetings |
| Romaine | Believed that speech communities are essentially social rather than linguistic |
| Labov | Believed that a speech community is not defined by any marked agreement in the use of language elements |
| Holmes & Meyerhoff | Believed that membership in a speech community depends on social or behavioural properties that one possesses |
| Pinker | Believed that language is a window on everyone’s psychology and human nature |
| Crystal | Believed that it is usually language which is the chief signal of both permanent and transient aspects of our social identity, much more so than clothing, furnishing or other externals |
| Montgomery | Believed that there is a ritualised exchange of insults in a social community |
| Connell | Believed that there is a ‘hegemonic masculinity’ between boys in a sports changing room, as sports and competition are stereo typically connected with a representation of men as powerful and dominant |
| Harness Goodwin & Berentzen | Described the embodied language practices through which children constitute their social world in the midst of moment-to-moment interaction as they play on the street or playground |
| Butler | Believed that there is a more radical use of the doctrine of constitution that takes the social agent as an object rather than the subject of constitutive acts |
| Milroy | Came up with the idea of open and closed social networks |
| Granovetter | Wrote that weak ties function as bridges for the transmission and diffusion of change |
| Swales | Came up with the concept that social groups who share a common goal communicate internally with various modes, using specialist lexis and discourse, possess the required skills and knowledge to be a member of that group |
| Drew & Heritage | Focused on ‘inferential frameworks’ that exist within a work space: pragmatic understandings that are learned and are then inherent to that work or job |
| Koester | Found that phatic or small talk was important in the workplace and that social interactions and knowledge form an important part of the development of the inferential framework and discourse community, as we are social creatures |
| Ives | Thought that people speak differently depending on their age and that language use becomes more standard with age |
| Bernstein | Believed that, in terms of restricted and elaborated code, one code is not better than another |
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