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Lavender Linguists
Studies of gay speak
| Linguist | Investigation |
|---|---|
| Stanley | Had homosexuals and heterosexuals fill out surveys and found no single homosexual language, but did find evidence that subcommunities may have their own language varieties |
| Lakoff | Believed that pitch is a feature of gay language |
| Moonwomon-Baird | Analysed pitch range between a lesbian and heterosexual woman and found that the heterosexual's was greater |
| Jacobs | Believed that pitch range was hard to evaluate, there was no explanation for how variation was measured and found that topics weren't discussed |
| Gaudio | Had homosexual and straight men read two passages from texts, which was rated by participants, and found that both were distinguished with 100% accuracy |
| Baker | Found that Polari, private language for gay men, build alternative social realities and identities for the homosexuals |
| Hayes | Believed that gay speak included a secret code as a way of protecting a homosexual against exposure, code enabling as a way of performing multiple gay roles and politicising |
| Zwicky | Stated that the gay voice didn't accord with the specifically, often highly culture specific, masculine norms rather than become an exhibition of feminine speech styles |
| Butler & Lloyd | Argued that gender is performed through replicating the behaviours of a gender, which varies between cultures and across time |
| Barrett | Investigated the language of African American drag queens and found that they combined stereotypical white woman style with African American Vernacular English and highly sexual references |
| Piccolo | Found that listeners were no significantly accurate in their identification of a speaker's sexuality, regardless of their own sexuality |
| Pierrehumbert & Gaudio | Suggested that listeners could identify a speaker's sexuality based on aural tasks alone |
| Harvey | Suggested that homosexuals use paradox, inversion, ludicrism and parody to index their sexuality |
| Cameron & Kulick | Suggested that homosexuals use language that produces four related rhetorical effects in response to Harvey's strategies |
| Zimman | Studied female to male transgender men, specifically those who used testosterone in their transition and found that while the female to male's voice was perceived as being gay sounding, their speech was not similar to the speech of non transgenders |
| Cohen | Suggested that Queer Theory serves the more privileged members of the LGBT community before less privileged members |
| Bucholtz & Hall | Attempted to demystify the study of language and sexuality by investigating how sexuality exists in relation to hegemonic heterosexuality and identity |
| Kitzinger | Studied phone call interactions between doctors and members of the public and found that speakers used heteronormative language simply because they were not knowledgeable about the concerns of the homosexual community |
| Eckert | Investigated the language of preadolescents in an elementary school and found that a shift towards a heterosexual marketplace was imperative for the children's status |
| Coffey-Glover | Investigated articles in women's magazines and found that men are motivated by sex, caring for one's appearance is not masculine, heterosexual relationships are the norm and men must make the first move in heterosexual relationships |
| Leap | Believed that there is still considerable room for linguistic research based on sexual orientation, rather than the gender of a person |
| Smyth & Rodgers | Explored the relationship between perception and phonetic characteristics of gay and straight men and found that there was no difference in vowel length between the two groups |
| Altmann | Asked people to read and record a passage and didn’t find any specific features of language used by the 5 gay men participating in this investigation |
| Darsey | Believed that such functions are unique to the way homosexuals speak, and not just features of anyone else’s language |
| Halliday | Dubbed Polari as an anti-language because it was used by members of an anti-society |
| Eble | Believed that there is a 10% retention rate for every 10 years |
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