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PATH test 4
LoganPath1(Exam 4)
| Answer | Question |
|---|---|
| Cancer | 2nd leading cause of death in US. CVD’s are higher |
| Benign tumor | tumor whose microscopic and gross characteristics are considered relatively innocent, implying that it will remain localized. Patient usually survives. |
| Malignant tumor | referred to as cancers. Implies that the lesion can invade and destroy structures and spread to different sites to cause death. |
| Adenoma | term applied to the benign epithelial neoplasm that forms glandular patterns. |
| Polyp | when neoplasm produces a visible projection above a mucosal surface and projects |
| Benign tumors | fibroblastic cells called fibromas, cartilaginous tumor is a chondroma and osteoblasts are called osteomas |
| Cystadenomas | hollow cystic masses, seen in the ovary |
| Teratoma | contains cells of more than one germ cell layer and sometimes all 3. |
| Hamartoma | abnormally structured cells in a normal location. (totally benign) |
| Choristoma | normally structured cells in the wrong location |
| differentiation and anaplasia, rate of growth, local invasion and metastasis | Benign and malignant tumors can be differentiated |
| well differentiated to undifferentiated. | Benign tumors are usually well differentiated while malignant tumors range from |
| Anaplasia | or lack of differentiation, is the hallmark of malignant transformation |
| Dysplasia | disorderly , but non-neoplastic proliferation. It is a loss in the uniformity of the cells |
| differentiation. | The rate of growth of malignant tumors correlates in general with their level of |
| infiltration, invasion, destruction and penetration of the surrounding tissue | Cancers grow by progressive |
| Metastasis | marks a tumor as malignant because benign neoplasms do not metastasize. |
| Malignant tumors | spread by seeding w/in the body cavities, lymphatic spread or hematogenous spread |
| males – prostate, females – breast. Most deaths in both – lung cancer. | Highest incidence of cancers |
| AGE | strongest factor associated with cancer. Occurrence with really young or really old |
| Non-Lethal genetic damage | Cause of cancer |
| Monoclonal | mass, all the cells came from the same malignant cell |
| Oncogenes | cancer causing genes, derived from proto-oncogenes which are cellular genes that promote normal growth and differentiation |
| retroviral transduction | -oncogenes can become oncogenic by |
| Oncogenes, Oncoproteins | _________ encode proteins called ____________, which alter cell activities, especially replication |
| Genetic Damage | _________ ________ is caused by chemical carcinogens, radiant energy, and oncogenic viruses. |
| initiation and promotion | Carcinogenesis can be divided into 2 stages |
| DNA | The primary target for chemical carcinogens is |
| Ames test | is used to screen chemicals for their carcinogenic potential. It uses Salmonella typhi enabling synthesis of histidine |
| Direct-Acting Alkylating Agents | used as anticancer drugs |
| Ionizing Radiation/Beta particles | highest proliferators affected most by radiation. |
| Ehrlich | – immune recognition of tumor cells may be a positive mechanism capable of eliminating transformed cells |
| Thomas and Burnet | immune surveillance, recognition and destruction of tumor cells. |
| TSA’s (tumor specific antigens) | only on tumor cells, not normal cells and evoke an immune response |
| TAA’s (tumor associated antigens) | on tumor cells and some normal cells. |
| Oncofetal antigens | are normally expressed in developing tissues. The 2 most common are alpha-fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen |
| Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, NK cells, Macrophages, and Humoral mechanisms. | Antitumor Effector Mechanisms include: |
| Pituitary adenoma | expansile pressure of a benign tumor that can destroy the remaining pit. Gland. |
| Cancer cachexia | syndrome, loss of fat and mass |
| Paraneoplastic syndromes: | local or distant spread of the tumor, cannot be readily explained. |
| Hypercalcemia | is probably the most common paraneoplastic syndrome. |
| Staging | based on size of lesion, the extent of spread to lymph nodes and presence or absence of blood-borne metastases. Bigger tumor = Bigger # TNM system: T for 1° tumor, N for regional lymph node involvement and M for metastases. |
| Less Differentiated | Grading tumors is based on the degree of their differentiation. Higher #’s are ___________________, they look too close to the normal cells. These are grade 4, worst, aggressive. |
Created by:
jrodx
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