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PATH tests 1-3
LoganPath1(Exams 1-3)
| Answer | Question |
|---|---|
| Virchow | Father of Modern Pathology |
| Endothelial Injury, Abnormal Blood Flow and Hypercoagulability | Virchow's Triad |
| Hyperplasia | : increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue by cell division. Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, renal epithelial cells, and nerve cells do not do this because they do not divide. |
| Hypertrophy | increase in size of cells and increase in size of organ and fxn. |
| CPK, Troponin, LDH | : these are myocardial enzymes used to evaluate suspected myocardial infarctions |
| TSI | antiobody, binds same place as TSH, regulator. (Graves Disease) |
| Infarcted | loss of blood flow to an area resulting in tissue death. |
| Ischemia | : lack of blood flow to an area, (most common type of cell injury). |
| Lipid peroxidation of membranes, DNA fragmentation and Cross-linking of proteins. | Consequences of free radicals: 3 things |
| Chaperones | help in protein folding and translocation into organelles, also in repair of damaged proteins. An example are heat shock proteins |
| Cell Injury | Cell responses to injurious stimuli depend on 2 things, Duration and severity. Consequences of injurious stimuli depend upon 3 things, the type of cell, cell status and cell adaptability |
| Steatosis | Fatty change, abnormal accumulation of TAG’s |
| Xanthoma | clusters of foamy cells found in subepithelial C.T. of the skin producing tumorous masses. |
| Russell Bodies | they are found in RER of some plasma cells. They are rounded eosinophilic accumulations of newly synthesized immunoglobulins |
| Mallory Bodies | are alcoholic hyaline which is an eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion in liver cells highly characteristic of alcoholic liver disease. |
| Anthracosis | a lot of carbon accumulation before lung fxn is compromised. |
| Hemochromatosis | more extensive accumulations of iron causing tissue injury including liver fibrosis, heart failure, and diabetes mellitus. |
| Brown Atrophy | When lipofuscin , or wear and tear pigment, is apparent grossly in tissue as a marker of past free radical injury. |
| Dystrophic Calcification | occurs in nonviable or dying tissue. Occurs in the absence of calcium metabolic derangements. |
| Metastatic Calcification | occurs in normal tissue if hypocalcaemia is present |
| Hemosiderosis | spread accumulation of hemosiderin in organs and tissues. A systemic iron overload in people who take a lot of supplements (most common). |
| Coagulation necrosis | implies preservation of the basic structural outline of the coagulated cell or tissue for a span of days. Presumable the injury or increase acidosis denatures not only the structural proteins but also the enzymatic proteins blocking cellular proteolysis. |
| Liquefactive necrosis | dead tissue that appears somewhat liquid. Caused by disillusion of tissue by hydrolytic enzymes. Commonly from arterial aclusion in the brain, cerebral infarction and bacterial infections. No preservation of cellular structure |
| Caseous necrosis | associated with a tuberculosis infection. The term means cheesy, white gross appearance of the central necrotic area. The tissue architecture is completely obliterated |
| Fat necrosis | – is fat destruction typically occurring following pancreatic injury. It results from the result of activated pancreatic enzymes into the perotineal cavity. Upon inspection the area effected has a chalky white appearance |
| Lipofuscin | known as lipochrome and “wear and tear” or aging pigment. |
| inflammation | A protective response intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury as well as the necrotic cells and tissues resulting from the original insult is called |
| IL-1 and TNF | The chief mediator of fever production during an inflammatory response is/are |
| NEWLY FORMED CAPILLARIES, FIBROBLASTS, AND COLLAGEN BUNDLES | Granulation tissue is made up of |
| neutrophils | Acute Inflammation is characterized by which type of cellular accumulation: |
| labile cells | Cell that are continually dividing (regenerating) to replace cells that are dying throughout life,they are derived from stem cells, and possess a high capacity to divide are |
| Virus, persistent bacterial, autoimmune, prolonged toxic exposure | List 3 clinical conditions or settings that predispose to chronic inflammation |
| Resolution | The best type of repair. It entails removal of tissue debris and inflammatory cells, drainage of fluid, and probably mild proliferation of the intact parenchymal cells is called |
| Phospolipases | Steroids have anti-inflammatory properties due to their inhibition of the enzyme |
| Histamine | The vasoactive amine found in Mast cells is |
| HYDROXYPROLINE | The three alpha chains of collagen(procollagen) are held together by |
| inactive protein components | The complement system is composed of |
| infection | The single most important cause of delay in healing is |
| chemotaxis | Leukocyte movement toward the site of injury along a chemical gradient is |
| acute inflammation and chronic inflammation | Inflammatiomis divided into two basic forms |
| fever,somnolence,malaise,anorexia,hypotension,hepatic systhesis, muscle degradation | List 4 systemic effects of inflammation |
| edema | The accumulation of water and ions in the extravascular spaces is |
| PGI2- prostacyclin | The prostaglandin that is protective of the gastric mucosa against acid induced damage is |
| margination | During and inflammatory response as stasis develops leukocytes begin to settle out of the flowing blood and accumulate along the vascular edothelial cells. This process is called |
| COX | Aspirin is anti-infammatory by its inhibition of the enzyme |
| leukocytosis,increased SedRate,Left shift, increased CRP | List 3 laboratory test findings associated with acute inflammation |
| Vitamin C and protein deficiency,Corticosteroids,Infection,Foreign bodies,Mechanical factors. | List 4 factors that impair or negatively effect wound healing, give specific examples |
| macrophage-monocyte Lymphocytes | Chronic Inflammation is characterized by which type of cellular accumulation: |
| Opsonins | Substances which facilitate recognition and attachment of microorganisms for phagocytosis are |
| myofibroblasts | In healing by secondintention, the phenomenon of wound contraction is due to the presence and actions of cells called |
| parasites | Eosinophils are characteristically found in inflammatory sites around infections caused by |
| Organization | Repair by fibrous tissue (e.g., scarring) is called |
| Bradykinin | The principal chemical mediatory generated through the Kinin cascade is |
| C3a, C5a | The 2 complement components that are anaphylatoxins are |
| surface epithelium | An ulcer is defined as loss of |
| Fibromatosis | The aggressive proliferation of fibrous tissue with characteristic local invasion is |
| Laminin | The most common adhesive glycoprotein in the basement membranes is |
| Sinus | tract opened at one end and closed at the other is called |
| fibrosis | Another name for scar formation is |
| stable cells | Quiescent cells that do not show active proliferation but that can divide actively when stimulated are |
| chronic granulomatous disease | A condition/disease that results from a leukocyte defect in microbicidal activity is |
| immature neutrophils | A" left shift' is"an increase in |
| Regeneration | Repair by the same type of cells as those destroyed is called |
| Chediak-Higashi syndrome | A condition/disease that results from a leukocyte defect in phagolysosome formation is |
| vasodilation | During an inflammatory response, the resultant erythema is caused by |
| T-helper cell | 1. The CD3+, CD4+ is also called |
| LE cell | 2. A neutrophil or macrophage that has engulfed the denatured nucleus of another injured cell is an |
| immunologic tolerance | 3. The state in which an individual is incapable of developing an immune response against a specific antigen is called |
| Bronchial asthma | Type I |
| Hay Fever | Type II |
| Positive TB Test | Type IV |
| Erythroblastosis Fetalis | Type II |
| SLE | Type III |
| Arthus RXN | Type III |
| Contact Dermatitis | Type IV |
| Serum Sickness | Type III |
| Pannus | 5. In patients with RA, the classic lesion formed by proliferating synovial lining cells, granulation tissue and fibrous C.T. is called a |
| rejection of transplanted organs | 6. Histocompatibility molecules were originally characterized as antigens responsible for |
| RF | 7. The seronegative spondyloarthrpathies refers to or indicates the absence of |
| Dry eyes, Dry mouth | List the 2 clinical findings of Sjogren syndrome... |
| 10-20% | 9. Of the lymphocytes in the circulation, B-cell constitute about |
| Calcinosis, Raynauld Phenom, Esophageal Dysmotility, Sclerodactyly, Telangiectasia | List the 5 components of the CREST syndrome |
| Absence of B-cells | Burton |
| T and B cell defect | SCID |
| Thymic hypoplasia | DiGeorge’s syndrome |
| Absent plasma cells | CVI |
| Atopy | 12. A familial predisposition to localized Type I reactions is |
| cytotoxic T cell (suppressor cell) | The CD3+, CD8+ is also called |
| Cell mediated | Type IV |
| Anaphylactice | Type I |
| Immune Complex | Type III |
| Antibody Mediated | Type II |
| Natural Killer Cells | 15. Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is mediated by |
| Reiter syndrome and Reactive Arthropathy. | 16. List 2 seronegative spondyloarthrpathies |
| Class I | HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C loci code for the ______ MHC molecules |
| 60-70 %. | the lymphocytes in the circulation, T-cell constitute about |
| Butterfly rash, Joint pain and chest pain | List 3 criteria (clinical findings) required for diagnosis (classification) for SLE |
| Ankylosing Spondylitis and the B27. | With respect to HLA and disease association, the best known is the association of the disease |
| 10-15 %. | Of the lymphocytes in the circulation, NK-cells constitute about |
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