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Part 6 USH
quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| an extraordinary period of intense social activism and dramatic political innovation | progressive era |
| believed that America was experiencing a "crisis of democracy" that required bold action by churches, charitable organ., experts, indiv. - and an expanded role for gov. | progressives |
| Pinchot and other progressives argued that | the US had been changing so rapidly since the end of the Civil War and the nation was at risk of imploding |
| the growth of new industries had attracted massive waves of poor farm folk and foreign immigrants to large cities whose | basic social services -food,water, housing, education, could not keep pace w the rate of urban growth |
| progressive reformers attacked the pressing problems created by | unregulated industrialization, unplanned urbanization, and the increasingly unequal distribution of wealth and power |
| progressives insisted | something must be done to control the very large, very powerful corporations that dominated economic activity and corrupted its political life |
| had become the most dynamic social and political force in the nation | progressivism |
| progressives wanted to | reform and regulate capitalism, not destroy it |
| most progressives were civic-minded Christian moralists who | felt that politics had become a contest btwn good and evil; honesty and corruption |
| all progressives shared the assumption | that governments -local,state, and national- must take a more active role in addressing the huge problems created by rapid urban and industrial growth |
| more a widespread impulse supported by elements of both major political parties than a single mov w common agenda | progressivism |
| popular in rural areas | Populist progressives |
| populism was centered in | farming regions in the rural South and Midwest |
| middle-class, white, urban; very diverse, sometimes women repubs, democrats, socialists, labor unionists, teachers, social workers, homemakers, blacks, journalists | progressive activists |
| progressives drew upon the new "social sciences" to make governments | more "efficient" and businesses more honest and safer for workers and consumers |
| the progressive approach to social problems | to "investigate, educate, and legislate" |
| what did progressives do | made gov more responsive and efficient, and businesses more honest and safer places to work |
| problem w progressives | armed themselves w Christian moralism, but their "do-good" perspective was limited by their racial and ethnic prejudices of the day as social and intellectual snobbery |
| the goals of white progressives rarely included | racial equality; believed in the supremacy of the "Anglo-saxon" race |
| political progressives at local and state levels began to | attack corrupt political bosses and irresponsible corporate barons |
| goals of political progressives | honest and efficient gov, more effective regulation of big businesses, better living conditions for the majority of Americans |
| the worst economic downturn in American history that brought massive layoffs in factories, mines, railroads, and mills | depression of the 1890s |
| how many adults lost their jobs | 1/4 |
| although the US boasted the highest per capital income in the world; it also | contained some of the highest concentrations of poverty |
| the devastating effects of the depression prompted many upper class middle class urban ppl | to organize and reform society |
| another thread in the fabric of progressivism | Populism |
| included political reforms intended to give more power to "the people" such as the "direct" election of U.S. senators by the voters rather than state legislature | Populists platforms |
| campaigned the end of the populist party | William Jennings Bryan in 1896 |
| many of the reforms pushed by the Populists were | implemented by progressives |
| "gentlemen" reformers who had fought the patronage sys and insisted that gov jobs be awarded on the basis of merit | Mugwumps |
| supplied progressivism w the "honest government ideal" | Mugwumps |
| the good-gov movement expanded to incl. efforts not only to end political corruption but to | address persistent urban issues such as rising crime;access to electricity, clean water, and sewers |
| a pamphlet promoting working-class reforms claimed | "socialism is coming...and nothing can stop it...." |
| supported mostly by militant farmers and immigrant Germans and Jews | Socialist Party of America |
| served as the radical wing of progresivism | Socialist Party of America |
| most American socialists | did not call for the gov to take ownership of large corporations |
| American socialists focused on | closing the widening income gap btwn rich and poor through "progressive" taxation |
| most progressives were | capitalist reformers |
| most progressives rejected | the extremes of both socialism and laissez-faire individualism |
| most progressives preferred | a regulated capitalism "softened" by humanitarianism |
| progressivism depended upon | newspapers and magazines to inform the public abt political corruption and social problems |
| writers who exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business, and consumer safety, working conditions, and more spurring public interest in progressive reforms | muckrakers |
| investigate journalists whose aggressive reporting educated the upper and middle classes abt political and corporate wrongdoing and revealed "how the other half lives" | muckrakers |
| title of Jacob Riis's pioneering work of photojournalism | how the other half lives |
| challenged readers to take action against political corruption and corporate wrongdoing | Muckrakers |
| used muckrakers to drum up support for his policies; he asked their advice, used their popularity, invited t the White House | Roosevelt |
| began the golden age of muckraking | when Samuel S. McClure, began paying idealistic journalists to root out the rampant corruption in politics and corporations |
| one of the most dedicated muckraker; spent yrs doggedly investigating the unethical and illegal means by which John D. Rockefeller had built his gigantic Standard Oil trust | Ida Tarbell |
| helped progressivism achieve widespread popular support | muckrakers |
| another streams flowing into progressivism | religious activism |
| religious activism was directed at | achieving social justice |
| the idea that society had an ethical obligation to help its poorest and most vulnerable members | social justice |
| mostly protestant mov stressed the Christian obligation to address the mounting social problems caused by industrialization and urbanization | social gospel |
| the belief that religious institutions and indiv. Christians had an obligation to bring about the "Kingdom of God" on earth | social gospel |
| the prog mov as a whole formed a | new phase of Christian spiritual revival |
| the new phase of Christian spiritual revival | energetic form of public outreach focused on on social reform |
| a growing # of churches and synagogues began | emphasizing community service and the care of the unfortunate |
| combined nondenominational religious evangelism w social services and fitness training in centers, segregated by race as well as gender | the YMCA and YWCA |
| intended to provide low-cost housing and healthful exercise and provided many of the same facilities to places w Jews | the YMCA/YWCA centers |
| major forces behind the social gospel mov | Christian activists who feared churches had become too closely associated w the upper and middle classes and were losing their appeal to the working poor |
| social gospeler; wrote a path-breaking book, "Working Ppl and Their employers" based on the principle that "thou shalt love thy neighbor thyself."; prominent pastor; rejected the view of social Darwinists that the poor deserved their fate | Washington Gladden |
| Gladden argued that helping the poor | was essential element of the Christian faith |
| Gladden's efforts helped launch a new era in religious life and churches addressed | the urgent problems created by a rapidly urbanizing and industrializing society |
| social gospeler; German-born baptist minister serving immigrant tenements; published Christianity and the Social crisis; argued that "whoever uncouples the religious and social life has not understood Jesus." | Walter Rauschenbusch |
| put emphasis on personal salvation, must be linked w passionate commitment to social justice; Christianity was a "revolutionary" faith | Rauschenbusch |
| religious life needed the social gospel to revitalize it and make it socially relevant | Rauschenbusch |
| sought to expand the "Kingdom of God" by following Christ's example and serving the poor and powerless | social gospelers |
| Adams and Starr were driven by | "impulse to share the lives of the poor" and to make social service "express the spirit of Christ" |
| began lobbying for new laws and regulations to improve the living conditions in poor neighborhoods | Addams and Starr |
| appointed prominent governmental and community boards; focused improving public health and food safety, pushing for better street lighting and police protection | Addams |
| the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize | Addams |
| the number of employed women | triples |
| women in the suffrage after the Civil War had hoped that the 15th Amendment | guaranteed rights for African American men, would aid their efforts to gain the vote |
| movement to give women the right to vote through a constitutional amendment, spearheaded by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton's National Woman Suffrage Association | Woman suffrage |
| condemned both 14th and 15th amendments for limiting the "citizenship" and voting rights to males only | woman suffrage |
| campaigned for new laws requiring higher pay for working women and making ti easier for abused wives to get divorces | NWSA |
| formed the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) | Julia Ward Howe and Lucy Stone |
| two grps united as one AWSA and NWSA to form the same yr Wyoming was admitted as a state | National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) |
| the first state that gave full voting rights for women | Wyoming |
| where did suffrage mov have most success | states west of the Mississippi River; areas w populism - women were more engaged in politics than the East |
| early settlers in the western territories were mostly men, so they had hoped | providing suffrage would encourage more women to settle in the new territories |
| the West was more | supportive of women's rights; wanted women more involved |
| advocates of women suffrage put forth several arguments for their position | 1. women were just as capable as men 2. women were morally superior to men and therefore their participation would raise political process and reduce the likelihood of future wars, corruption, and scandals |
| women voters and politicians, advocated argued | would promoted the welfare of society as a whole rather than partisan or selfish goals, so allowing |
| women voters and politicians, advocated argued allowing women to participate in politics would | create a great engine for progressive social change |
| leader of militant wing of suffragettes | alice paul |
| obstacles to suffrage | -liquor industry - white southerners - some men |
| the woman suffrage mov was not free of | social, ethnic, and racial prejudices of its time |
| allowed all members of a political party to vote on the party's nominees for office rather than the traditional practice in which inner circle of party leaders chose the candidate | direct primary |
| the first state to adopt a statewide primary | South Carolina |
| progressives developed ways to increase participation in the political process | - initiative - referendum - primaries - recall |
| the first state to adopt the initiative and referendum | South Dakota |
| citizens could sign petitions to have a proposal put on the ballot | initiative |
| citizens could vote it up and down | the referendum |
| whereby corrupt or incompetent elected officials could be removed by a public petition and vote | recall |
| constitutional amendment that provided for the public election of senators rather than the traditional practice allowing state legislatures to name them; direct election of U.S. senators | 17th Amendment |
| the efforts of progressives | - brought 17th amendment - direct election of senators |
| major theme of progressivism | "gospel of efficiency" |
| a Philadelphia-born engineer became a celebrated business consultant; became the nation's first "efficiency expert" showed employers how to cut waste and increase productivity | Frederick Winslow Taylor |
| established detailed performance standards (and cash rewards) for each job classification, specifying how fast ppl doing each job should work and when they should rest | Taylor |
| Labor sys based on detailed study of world tasks intended to maximize efficiency and profits for employers | Taylorism |
| goal of Taylorism | to improve both productivity and profits for employers and also raise pay for workers |
| workers did not | like taylorism, just made ppl work faster |
| one of the most important contributions to capitalist economies of the twentieth century | taylorism |
| political progressives applied Taylorism to | operations of gov by calling for the reorganization of state and federal agencies |
| taylorism in gov | to eliminate overlap, the establishment of clear lines of authority, and the replacement of political appointees w trained specialists |
| 2 Taylor ideas for restructuring city and county also emerged in the first decade of the new country | 1. the commission sys 2. city-manager plan |
| placed ultimate authority in a board composed of small grp of commissioners who combined both legislative and executive powers | commission sys |
| an appointed professional administrator ran a city or county government in accordance w policies set by the elected council and mayor | city-manager |
| shifting control from elected officials representing individual neighborhoods to at-large separated | local gov from party politics; main way working-class could have a voice |
| used the bureau's reports to enact such reforms as the direct primary, stronger railroad regulation, etc..... | La Follette/Wisconsin idea |
| widely publicized and copied by other progressive governors | Wisconsin idea |
| the Sherman Anti-Trust act was ineffective bc it | language abt what constituted a monopoly was so vague it proved ineffective |
| little success in regulating | big business |
| gov agencies responsible for regulating businesses often | under the influence of those they were supposed to regulate |
| educated consumers abt harsh working conditons in factories and mills as well as companies' widespread use of child workers as a means of lowering labor | National Consumers League |
| went across the country to clean up filthy slums by educating residents abt personal and household hygiene | women's club |
| women's grps reformers against alcoholism hoped to | 1. prevent domestic violence by husbands and fathers 2. reduce crime in the streets 3. remove on of the worst told of corruption - free beer on election days - used by political bosses to "buy" votes among working class |
| the temperance mov was especially popular in | the Midwest and South |
| an organization based in local churches that pioneered the strategy of the single-issue political pressure grp | Anti-Saloon League |
| the 19th amendment prohibited | manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages |
| progressive reformers pushed legislation | to improve working conditions in mills, mines, and factories - and on railroads |
| legislation to ensure better working conditions and limit child labor was perhaps | the most significant reform to emerge form the drive for progressive social justice |
| the national child labor committee sought | to prohibit the employment of yound children |
| progressives who focused on improving the lives of children also demanded that cities | build more parks and playgrounds; and regulation of the workday for women bc of mothers, and to ban the hiring o children below a certain age and to limit the hrs women and children could work |
| a fire bak out at the "sweatshop" bc its cramped and unventilated work areas; escape routes were limited bc the owner kept the stairway locked to prevent theft; 146 workers were trapped and died - mostly young, foreign-born | Triangle Shirtwaist incident |
| dozens of new city and state regulations dealing w firing hazards, dangerous working conditions, and child labor were enacted across the nation | aftermath of triangle shirtwaist incident |
| Lochner v. New York ruling | Court ruled that a law limiting the workday to no more than 10 hrs was unconstitutional bc it violated workers' right to accept any jobs they wanted,, no matter how bad the working conditions or how low the pay |
| Muller v. Oregon ruling | Court upheld a ten-hr workday law for women; basis of research showing ill effects of long hrs for women |
| Bunting v. Oregon ruling | Court accepted a state law allowing no more than a 10-hr work day for both men and women |
| one way to redistribute wealth | the creation of "progressive" federal income tax |
| the rates "progress" or rise as income levels rise, | forces the rich to pay more |
| progressives believed that such a tax would help | slow the concentration of wealth in the hands of the richest Americans |
| President Roosevelt announced his support for the tax and 2 yrs later his successor, William Howard Taft | endorsed a constitutional 16th amendment |
| 16th Amendment | authorized the federal tax income |
| belief that society's capable of improvement; belief that our economic growth was at the expense of people | progressive |
| Believed that social order was the result of | intelligent organization |
| Wrote on the scandals of politicians | Lincoln Steffens |
| muckrakers importance | — Most important thing they did was untied fragmented reform movements into one single national political mov; turned it into a reform era |
| process that enables citizens to bypass their state legislatures to vote on issues | initiative |
| a way to select candidates | primary |
| ppl directly vote who they want as a candidate instead of party | direct primaries |
| goal of settlement houses | to bring the rich and poor together |
| Progressives did not like immigration | wanted more focus on self |
| DuPoint and GE dedicated to developing new products | industrial laboratories, |
| ways to make ppl enjoy work to avoid labor unions | create welfare programs, Pensions, buy shares |
| invented by Henry Ford; cut time and labor in half; led to more cars and charged consumer less | Assembly line |
| many state gov convinced to limit the hours that women and children could work | true |
| some corporations established welfare and incentive programs for their employees | paternalism |
| the US initially proclaimed | neutrality in World War I |
| factors that created an unstable situation in Europe | nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the alliance sys |
| nations in europe began to see themselvs | a Darwinian struggle to see who is the fittest |
| nationalism fueled by | a competition to imperialize the remaining independent areas of Asia and Africa |
| what made the situation more ominous? Who had arms massive build-ups? | Germany and Great Britain; built larger warships |
| spark that ignited the World War I | the assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hugarian throne empire, Archduke Franz Ferdinand |
| while visiting Sarajevo in Bosnia, the archduke was assassinated by a pan-Slavic nationalist; which resulted in Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia | assassination of Archduke Ferdinand |
| Germany was in alliance w | Austria-Hungary |
| Russia, France, and Great Britain in alliance w | Serbia |
| compromised the Triple Entente(later known as Allied Powers) | Russia, France, and Great Britain |
| known as the triple alliance (later as central powers) | Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy |
| what kept the US neutral? | - Washington's farewell addressed that advised to stay out of European - allowed US to trade w both sides |
| despite two wars fought w great britain the US shared a strong language and cultural ties | true |
| President Wilson emphasized | freedom of the seas |
| bc Great Britain blockaded Germany the trade w the US and Britain increased while Germany shrunk; Germany said they'd attack US boats in britain and sunk Lusitania, Arabic, made Americans angry; Germany wanted to keep US out of war so they pledged | Arabic pledge - make no on attacks on passenger ships w/o warning; but then they sunk the Sussex (french); made another pledge |
| progressives towards war | thought it would distract reform, but then saw social possibilities: expansion of state, sense of unity and national purpose |
| the democratic side of the war | the central powers |
| before his reelection Wilson stressed that he kept us out of war after he | became convinced that US participation in World War I was necessary to make the world "safe for democracy" |
| reaction towards Wilson's change | many joined, but some thought it was idealistic crusade to create a new world order based on peace and autonomy. but many opposed |
| Germany says to Mexico that when you go to war with the United States will give you Mexican territory that is now part of the United States; Germany is trying to entice ppl to go to war in America. outrages Americans; Germany rescinds Sussex pledge | US declares war on Germany |
| a former muckracking journalist led the committee on public info | George Creel |
| sent "Four minute men" around the country to give brief, impassioned speeches, produced a series of evocative posters to convince Americans to support the war | CPI |
| a derogatory term that alludes to the Germanic tribes of the ancient world that attacked Rome | huns |
| what tipped the balance of the war | infusion of fresh american troops |
| when the US joined the war was @ a stalemate, america joins france and GB and Germany leaders forced to ask for a cease fire; and signed an armistice on Nov 11, 1918 brought close to World War I | end of World War I |
| institution formed to maintain world peace | League of nations; wilson after world war wanted negotiate peace treaties; the use rejected treaty of Versailles and american involvement in league |
| emphasized international cooperation on the causes of the war | 14 points by wilson |
| wilson's world order | freedom of seas, removal of barriers to trade, self-determination for European ppls, |
| the US did not | join the league of nations; would have had to approve the treaty of versailles |
| isolationist republican presidents of the 1920s enacted | higher tariffs to keep out foreign goods |
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