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HNRS UNIT 8 TEST
Mr. Stickler's Liberty Christian HNRS HIST Unit 8 Test Studystacks 2022
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the term "Radical Republicans" mean/ refer to? | Republican Congressmen who believed that former slaves should be given full rights including voting rights and should be granted free land they had worked on as slaves. |
| What was the "Freedmen's Bureau"? | Agency created in 1865 who provided social, educational, and economic services plus advice & protection to former slaves. |
| What does the term "Presidential Reconstruction" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to the years 1865 - 1866 when President Johnson "took the lead to provide full rights to the former Confederate states". |
| What does the term "Congressional Reconstruction" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to the years 1867 - 1870 when the Republican-controlled Congress controlled Reconstruction-era policy. (Sometimes called "Radical Reconstruction".) |
| What was President Johnson's plan for Reconstruction? | He supported the 13th Amendment & the idea that former Confederate states must support it as a condition for readmission to the United States. |
| What does the term "Redemption" mean/ refer to? | This term for the years from 1876 - 1890's when federal troops were withdrawn from the South and there was a "return to a 'whites-only' government" in the South. |
| What were "Black Codes"? | These were laws passed in Southern states that kept former slaves "in a condition similar to servitude". |
| What is one (1) example of how "Black Codes" limited rights in Southern states? | One (1) example of this is that African Americans were not allowed to own guns. |
| What did the 14th Amendment do/provide for? | This Amendment guaranteed rights of citizenship to all former slaves and others born or naturalized in the United States. |
| What did the 15th Amendment do/provide for? | This Amendment granted all U.S. citizens the right to vote "regardless of race, color, or condition or previous servitude". |
| What were "Union Leagues"? | These were Republican organizations led by African Americans that "became a base for political action and mutual support" after 1865. |
| What was "Sherman's Special Field Order #15"? | This was an order given by General Sherman stating that all African Americans were to be granted 40-acre parcels of land which was to be allotted from plantations where owners were in active rebellion. |
| What was the primary economic opportunity available to former slaves living in the South after the Civil War? | Their best opportunity was to return to the fields where they had worked formerly as slaves and work the same land, but to do so for money. |
| What does the term "sharecropping" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to an agricultural system that developed during and after Reconstruction whereby poor farmers could use a portion of their crops as payment for things like farm animals, tools, and advanced credit. |
| How was the "sharecropping" system manipulated by plantation owners? | They manipulated this system by creating plantation stores where poor farmers could pay for food and clothing for a portion of their future crop yields. They charged high prices for these goods. |
| What does the term "Scalawags" mean/ refer to? | This was a disparaging term for Southern whites who supported the Southern Republican Party during Reconstruction. |
| What does the term "Carpetbaggers" mean/ refer to? | This term was used by white Southerners to describe Northern "transplants" (people who moved from the North to the South) who came to the South to help with Reconstruction. |
| What group of people founded the Ku Klux Klan in 1866? | Confederate veterans in Tennessee founded this group. |
| Why did the Ku Klux Klan form after the Civil War ended? | This group formed with the intent to serve as a "social group" for its members. However, it quickly changed into a group whose intent was to terrorize African Americans, Republican political officials, & teachers in African American schools. |
| List two (2) things that "undermined public support for Reconstruction". | 1.) Widespread corruption; 2.) The "sheer size of the federal interventions in the South". (Pg. 451) |
| What does the term "Jim Crow Segregation" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to laws passed (mainly in Southern states) that instituted systematic segregation of races in public places such as schools, public facilities, and transportation. |
| What was the Medicine Creek Lodge Treaty? | This was a treaty signed in 1867 between the Comanche tribe and the U.S. Army in which the tribe agreed to settle on reservations. |
| What was the main disagreement regarding the Medicine Creek Lodge Treaty? | The main disagreement regarding this was that the U.S. Army intended for the Comanche tribe to remain on the reservation & become farmers, while the Comanches believed they only had to stay there for the winter. |
| What does the term "Bosque Redondo" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to the reservation where the majority of Navajos and Mescalero Apaches were confined during the Civil War. |
| What does the term "Ghost Dance" mean/ refer to? | This is the term for a spiritual awakening among the Lakota Sioux in 1890 in which they believed "whites" would "leave their land if they returned to traditional ways and ceremonies". |
| What did the Homestead Act do/ provide for? | This law granted 160 acres of farmland to anyone who was willing to live on the land, improve it, and farm it for a period of 5 years. |
| What does the term "Grant's Peace Policy" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to an effort begun in 1869 by President Grant to end the Plains Indian Wars by creating a series of reservations where tribes could live and maintain their traditional ways of life. |
| What did the Dawes Act do/ provide for? | This law stated that terminated all tribal ownership of reservation land and granted some parts of it to individual Native Americans while leaving the rest open to settlement by "whites". |
| What was the "Carlisle Indian School"? | This was a boarding school established in Pennsylvania whose purpose it was to teach Native American children "white ways" and to separate them from their culture. |
| Which two (2) railroad companies met at Promontory Summit, Utah Territory to join and create the "Transcontinental Railroad"? | 1.) The Union Pacific (from California), 2.) The Central Pacific (from Chicago). |
| What two (2) ethnic groups were "most involved" in building the sets of tracks that created the Transcontinental Railroad? | 1.) Chinese immigrants; 2.) Irish immigrants. |
| What was one (1) development that " . . . led to a huge increase in cattle ranching between 1860 and 1870?" | Americans began to eat more beef to due "prosperous economic times". |
| What is the importance of Abilene, Kansas where cattle ranching in the late 1800's is concerned? | This city is important because it was the first "cattle town"- a location where cattle were loaded onto railroad cars for transportation to various parts of the U.S. |
| What was one (1) "...significant change or downturn that led to the decline of the cattle industry" in the 1880's? | The use of barbed wire fencing by ranchers divided the plains. Because of this, cowboys were no longer needed to conduct "cattle drives". |
| List the names of three (3) states that rapidly expanded in the 1860's due to the passage of the Homestead Act. | 1.) Minnesota; 2.) Kansas; 3.) Nebraska. |
| What is one (1) way that the discovery of alternating current (A/C) power changed society in the 1890's? | Street cars were invented, which allowed for a cleaner method of transportation than horse - drawn carriages. |
| How did Henry Ford "revolutionize" the building of automobiles? | He invented the assembly line, which allowed workers to build cars faster and at a more reasonable cost. |
| What is the relationship between John D. Rockefeller and the oil industry? | He made a very large sum of money by focusing on the oil refining process instead of focusing on drilling for crude oil |
| What does the term "vertical integration" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to the consolidation of numerous production functions under the direction of one company. (EX: One company owns a tree farm, a baseball bat manufacturing company, & a shipping company.) |
| What does the term "horizontal integration" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the merger of competitors in the same industry". (EX: When Walt Disney Studios bought Pixar Animation Company; Pixar became part of Walt Disney Studios.) |
| List two (2) ways that America's influence spread, affecting countries throughout the world, during the Gilded Age. | 1.) A large number of missionaries were sent from the United States to foreign countries; 2.) Increased industrial production and population growth. |
| What did the Chinese Exclusion Act do/ provide for? | This federal law suspended Chinese immigration, limited the rights of resident Chinese, and forbade their naturalization. |
| What are 2 ways that railroads improved people's lives in the mid to late 1800's? | 1.) Allowed people to travel further than 50 miles from their home with ease; 2.) Allowed to people to have better mail service to keep in touch with family and friends. |
| Which 2 railroad companies joined to create the transcontinental railroad? | The Union Pacific and the Central Pacific. |
| What law allowed President Lincoln to authorize construction of the transcontinental railroad? | The Pacific Railway Act of 1862. |
| What city and state served as the location where the 2 railroad companies that were constructing the transcontinental railroad met? | Promontory Point, Utah. |
| Who was Grenville Dodge? | He was the owner of the Union Pacific Railroad in the mid 1800's when the transcontinental railroad was built. |
| What was life like for railroad workers who lived in camps while they built the transcontinental railroad? | Life in these camps was rough with frequent crime, fighting, gambling, and drinking. |
| Who were the "big four" who invested in the Central Pacific railroad during the construction of the transcontinental railroad? | 1. Leland Stanford; 2. Mark Hopkins; 3. Charles Crocker; 4. Collis Huntington. |
| What group of immigrants made up a large part of the workforce that constructed the Central Pacific portion of the transcontinental railroad? | Chinese immigrants made up a large part of this group. |
| In what month and year was the golden spike driven to join the two railroads at Promontory Point, Utah, completing the construction of the transcontinental railroad? | This happened in May, 1869. |
| What are 2 things that Cornelius Vanderbilt is famous for related to railroads? | 1.) He was the most successful railroad consolidator; 2.) He began the construction of Grand Central Station in New York City. |
| Why were time zones created in the U.S.? | These were created to coordinate railroad schedules to avoid collisions and to avoid scheduling conflicts for passenger and freight trains. |
| What were some of the "downsides" to the railroad industry in the mid to late 1800's? | 1.) Railroad companies exploited "incentive loans"; 2.) Racism among workers; 3.) Railroad company bribed local judges and politicians; 4.) Railroads treated small businesses unfairly. 5.) Railroads tried to get out of paying back loans. |
| What does the term "land grants" mean/refer to? | This term refers to "a grant of land made by the government especially for roads, railroads, and agricultural colleges". |
| How did railroad companies exploit the "land grant" system? | They did this by taking land that was given to them for low or no cost and sold it to private citizens and small businesses to make large profits. |
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