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Unit Eight
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ellis Island | The gateway for over 12 million immigrants to the U.S. as the United States' busiest immigrant inspection station for over 60 years from 1892 until 1954 |
| Angel Island | An immigration station located in San Francisco Bay which operated from January 21, 1910 to November 5, 1940, where immigrants entering the United States were detained and interrogated |
| Assimilation | A minority group’s adoption of the beliefs and way of life of the dominant culture |
| Melting Pot | A mixture of people from different cultures and races who blend together by abandoning their native languages and cultures |
| Americanization Movement | Education program designed to help immigrants assimilate to American culture |
| Nativism | Favoring the interests of native-born people over foreign-born people |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | A law, enacted in 1882, that prohibited all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials from entering the United States |
| Gentlemen's Agreement | A 1907–1908 agreement by the government of Japan to limit Japanese emigration to the United States |
| Urbanization | The growth of cities |
| Tenements | A multifamily urban dwelling, usually overcrowded and unsanitary |
| Mass Transits | Transportation systems designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes |
| Political Machine | An organized group that controls a political party in a city and offers services to voters and businesses in exchange for political and financial support |
| William "Boss" Tweed | An American politician most notable for being the "boss" of Tammany Hall |
| Pendleton Civil Service Act | A law, enacted in 1883, that established a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to government jobs by means of the merit system. |
| Knights of Labor | The first important national labour organization in the United States, founded in 1869 |
| American Federation of Labor | An alliance of trade and craft unions, formed in 1886 |
| Samuel Gompers | An English-born American labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history ----- founded the American Federation of Labor ----- served as the organization's president from 1886 to 1894, and from 1895 until his death in 1924 |
| American Railway Union | Briefly among the largest labor unions of its time and one of the first industrial unions in the United States |
| Eugene Debs | A political leader of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries ----- five times the presidential candidate of the Socialist party ----- imprisoned in the 1890s for illegally encouraging a railway strike |
| Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) | A labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905 |
| Haymarket Affair | The aftermath of a bombing that took place at a labor demonstration on Tuesday, May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square in Chicago |
| Homestead Strike | An industrial lockout and strike which began on July 1, 1892, culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents on July 6, 1892 |
| Progressive Movement | An early-20th-century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life |
| Robert M. La Follette | An American lawyer and politician ----- represented Wisconsin in both chambers of Congress and served as the Governor of Wisconsin |
| Seventeenth Amendment | An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1913, that provides for the election of U.S. senators by the people rather than by state legislatures |
| Nineteenth Ammendment | An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1920, that gives women the right to vote |
| Muckraker | One of the magazine journalists who exposed the corrupt side of business and public life in the early 1900s |
| The Jungle | A novel by Upton Sinclair, published in 1906, that portrays the dangerous and unhealthy conditions prevalent in the meatpacking industry at that time |
| Keating-Owen Act | A short-lived statute enacted by the U.S. Congress which sought to address child labor --- prohibited sale of goods produced by factories udr 14, mines udr 16, any facility where children <14 worked after 19:00 or before 06:00 or more than 8 hours daily |
| Square Deal | President Theodore Roosevelt’s program of progressive reforms designed to protect the common people against big business |
| Elkins Act | A 1903 United States federal law that amended the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 --- authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to impose heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates, and upon the shippers that accepted these rebates |
| Hepburn Act | A 1906 United States federal law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to set maximum railroad rates and extend its jurisdiction --- led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers |
| Meat Inspection Act | A law, enacted in 1906, that established strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created a federal meat-inspection program |
| Pure Food and Drug Act | A law enacted in 1906 to halt the sale of contaminated foods and drugs and to ensure truth in labeling |
| Bull Moose Party | A name given to the Progressive Party, formed to support Theodore Roosevelt’s candidacy for the presidency in 1912 |
| Clayton Antitrust Act | A law, enacted in 1914, that made certain monopolistic business practices illegal and protected the rights of labor unions and farm organizations |
| Federal Trade Commission (FTC) | A federal agency established in 1914 to investigate and stop unfair business practices |
| Sixteenth Amendment | Allows Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states on the basis of population |
| Federal Reserve System | A national banking system, established in 1913, that controls the U.S. money supply and the availability of credit in the country. |
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