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Quarterly 2 Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| silt | small particles of fertile soil |
| irrigation | a system that supplies dry land with water through ditches, pipes, or streams |
| cuneiform | a Sumerian writing system that used wedge-shaped marks made in soft clay |
| ziggurat | a pyramid-shaped structure with a temple at the top |
| King Sargon | Akkadian king who conquered the city-states of Sumer and then united Sumer and Akkad, forming the world's first empire. |
| King Hammurabi | the King of Babylonia who created a code of law based on the idea of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth." |
| unification | the joining of separate parts into one (Pharaoh Narmer unified Upper and Lower Egypt) |
| pharaoh | ruler of ancient Egypt |
| hieroglyphics | Egyptian writing system made up of picture and sound symbols |
| Lower Egypt | the area of Egypt that is in the north, at a "lower" elevation; it's 'downstream' |
| Upper Egypt | the area of Egypt located in the south, at a higher elevation; it's "upstream' |
| Old Kingdom | Egypt's first Pharaohs worked to build unity in the country; pyramids were built; economy was based on agriculture; the time from about 2700BC to 2200BC; |
| Middle Kingdom | Egypt takes over Nubia, and are later defeated by the Hyksos; the time from about 2055 B.C. to 1650 B.C. |
| New Kingdom | Many leaders such as Hatshepsut and Ramses II brought about changes for the empire; the time period from about 1550 B.C. to 1070 B.C. |
| Queen Hatshepsut | First female ruler known in history. She restored the canal connecting The Nile River to the Red Sea and expanded the empire of Egypt through trade |
| King Narmer (Menes) | unified kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt |
| social pyramid | the ranking system of the different social classes within the Egyptian society |
| Nile River | the main water source that made the Egyptian civilization possible by providing water and silt to the people who settled along its banks |
| scribe | a person who copies or writes out documents |
| monotheism | the belief in only one god; Judaism is the world's first monotheistic religion |
| Abraham | the founder of Judaism |
| surplus | an extra supply of something, such as crops, that is not needed immediately |
| civilization | a culture that has developed systems of specialization, religion, education, and government |
| domesticate | to train or adapt an animal (or a plant) for the advantage of humans |
| specialization | the act of training for a particular job; when communities had a surplus of food, not everyone needed to farm, some people could specialize in doing other jobs |
| polytheism | the belief in many gods; Most Mesopotamians and Egyptians were polytheistic |
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