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APUSHCH8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What caused the shortage of goods and the worst inflation yet? | The British blockade, the demand for supplies by the arm and militias, and the flood of paper currency issued by Confederation Congress and the states combined. |
| US dollars VS Spanish dollars ended up to... | 146 to 1 |
| The war ends and inflation was a gateway to the depression.. the political revolution could not alter.. | economic realities. |
| US continues to be the supplier and importer of.. | raw materials and manufactured goods |
| Great Britain continues to be the country's most important... | trading partner |
| In 1784 What happened between the British merchants and American markets? | British merchants dumped goods in the American markets which offered easy terms of credit. Production of exportable goods had drastically been reduced by fighting, and the trade deficit with Britain rose. |
| How'd the deficit act act as a magnet? | It drew hard currency from American accounts, leaving the country with little silver coins in circulation. |
| The confederation congress requisitioned the states for the funds necessary for debt repayment and the states in turn... | taxed their residents. There was almost no money in circulation and ordinary American feared being crushed by burden of private debts and public taxes. |
| The Plan of Rhode Island had the most attention, what was this? | It enacted a radical currency law. The law declared the currency legal tender for all debts. If creditors refused to accept it, debtors were allowed to satisfy their obligations by depositing the currency with a county judge "debt as paid" |
| Conservatives pointed at Rhode Island Plan as an example of... | evils that accompanied unchecked territory. |
| Annapolis Convention... | Convention to consider political remedies for economic successes, shared alarm over Massachusetts Rebellion. They were convinced of the absolute necessity of strengthening the national government. Wanted to render the constitution |
| Philadelphia Convention (May 1787) | Revision of the Articles of Confederation |
| Conservatives | considerably strengthened national government |
| Louis Otto | French Charge D'affaires in the US. "They were only acting in the interests of their class" |
| Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia meeting (May 1787) Who was missing? | Thomas Jefferson and John Adams were ambassadors in Europe. Patrick Henry of Virginia smelt a rat and stayed home. |
| Who was at the Pennsylvania State House meeting? | George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, George Mason, Robert Morris. |
| What type of people were not present at the Pennsylvania State House meeting? | No ordinary farmers or artisans, women, African Americans, or Indians. |
| What type of people framed the constitution? | White men who represented America's social and economic elite, Patriots and most were republicans. |
| Virginia Plan (James Madison) | Scrap of A of C, for "consolidated government" with power to tax and to enforce law directly, rather than acting through state. Representation in the bicameral nation legislature would be based on population districts. |
| House of Representatives | Members be elected by popular vote. |
| Senate | Senators would be chosen indirectly by state legislature. They would lead and control foreign affairs and appointment of officials. |
| Council of Revision | Appointed Chief Executive and national judiciary formed it. It had the power to veto both nation and state legislature. |
| Why did small states fear the Virginia plan? | They feared being swallowed up by the large ones. |
| New Jersey Plan (William Patterson) | Purely federal principles. Increased the power of central government but retained single house congress. All states were equally represented. |
| Great Compromise | Representation would be proportional to population in the House and equal representation by states in the senate. This would create a strong national government while important role in states. |
| What was the different between the wants of the southern delegates and northern delegates? | The southern delegates wanted to protect slavery by central government and also wanted slaves included in population census for determining proportional representation but wanted them excluded when apportioning taxes. |
| Commerce Clause / three-fifths Rule | Northerners agreed to count five slaves as the equivalent of three free men. |
| Although minority of delegates opposed slavery, Madison wrote that... | "great as the evil is, dismemberment of the union would be worse" |
| Madison's Council of Revision | was scratched in favor of a strong federal judiciary with implicit power to declare unconstitutional acts of congress. |
| Electoral college | Each state would select state of electors equal in number to state's total representation in House and Senate. Electors in each state would meet to cast their ballots and elect the president. |
| Committee of Style | Delegates turned in their rough draft of the constitution to them who shaped it into an elegant and concise document. |
| James Madison | "Father of the Constitution" |
| Federalists | supporters of the new constitution |
| Anti federalists | opponents of the new constitution, existing confederation already provided for a "federal" government of balanced power between states and the union and the constitution would replace it with a "national government" |
| Mercy Otis Warren | leading critic of new constitution |
| Rufus King | Delegate to convention from Massachusetts. |
| How did anti federalists feel about the constitution | The constitution granted too much power to central government, and would weaken autonomy of communities and states. |
| Republican form of government could only work for... | Small countries |
| Montesquieu | French philosopher "public good is sacrificed to a 1000 private views" |
| The Federalist (1787-1788) | James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay. The best way to control factions was to extend the sphere of government. Great size would be an advantage. Interests would be so diverse that no single faction would be able to gain control of state. |
| Pennsylvania (Nov 1787) | First state to convene a ratification convention. |
| What tipped Pennsylvania convention in favor? | It was wide support the document enjoyed among artisans and commercial farmers who saw their interests tied to the growth of a commercial society. |
| What characterized most of the states? | Similar agrarian localist and commercial cosmopolitan alignments. |
| What was the most critical convention? | The Massachusetts in early 1788. Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, and Connecticut voted to ratify. States with strongest anti federalist movements had yet to convene. |
| Important antifederalist leaders? | Governor John Hancock and Revolutionary leader Samuel Adams. |
| John Hancock and Samuel Adams swayed by.. | the enthusiastic support for constitution among Boston's townspeople. |
| Who was the ninth state to ratify? | New Hampshire |
| What persuaded delegates victory for constitution? | Promises to amend the constitution to protect the people from the potential abuses of federal government. |
| What was important in ratification votes? | The promise of the bill of rights. |
| Anti federalists proposed | a grab bag of over 200 potential amendments protecting the rights of the people against the power of the central government. James Madison set about transforming them into series of proposals. Congress passed 12 and 10 survived ratification. |
| The 10 series of proposals that survived ratification were called... | The Bill of Rights 1791 |
| The 1st Amendment | prohibited congress from establishing an official religion and provided for the freedom of assembly. ensured freedom of speech, free press, and the right of petition. |
| The other amendments were | right to bear arms, limit quartering troops, unreasonable searches or seizures, legal rights under common law, prohibition of double jeopardy, not to testify against oneself, due process of law before life liberty or property can be taken away. |
| Unenumerated rights of the people were... and the powers not delegated to the federal government was... | protected and reserved to the states. |
| The first 10 amendments | restrained influence on growth of government power over American citizens. Admired respect of American political tradition throughout the world. |
| The most important constitutional legacy of anti federalists were.. | the Bill of rights |
| Shays Rebellion | Armed movement of debt-ridden farmers in Western Massachusetts in the winter of 1786-1787. Northampton judges had no choice but to close the court and the success lead to similar actions in many others. |
| What did Shays' Rebellion indicate? | That the Articles weren't protecting the rights of Americans- life , liberty, and prosperity. |
| Who was the first president as of April 30, 1789? | George Washington and he served until 1797. |
| What did George Washington start? | The custom of delivering addresses personally to Congress |
| Who ended the custom that George Washington started? | Thomas Jefferson, they were "rags of royalty" |
| Who was Washington's successor? | John Adams |
| Who was Washington's secretary of state? | Thomas Jefferson |
| Who did Washington appoint as secretary of treasury? | Alexander Hamilton |
| Who did Washington appoint secretary of war? | Henry Knox |
| Who did Washington appoint secretary of justice? | Edmund Randolph |
| Cabinet | an institution that has survived to the present despite the absence of constitutional authority or enabling legislation. |
| Judiciary Act 1789 | implemented the judicial clause of the constitution |
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