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Ch. 4-7 Exam Review
Chapter 4-7 Exam Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Civil Liberties | individual freedoms and legal protections guaranteed by Bill of Rights that cannot be denied by government |
| Due Process Clause | Statement of rights that protects against arbitrary deprivations of life, liberty, or property; also interpreted to expand a variety of rights like right to privacy |
| Establishment Clause | Clause ensuring freedom from religion by a basis for Supreme Court decisions limiting government support for and endorsement of certain religions |
| Symbolic Speech | Expressing an idea/viewpoint ie. Wearing an armband or burning an object |
| Prior Restraint | Effort to prevent publication of viewpoints. Government has generally forbidden it as violation of 1st amendment |
| Press Shield Law | Statute enacted by legislature establishing a reporter’s privilege to protect the confidentiality of sources |
| Warrant | Order from a judge authorizing a search or arrest |
| Right to Privacy | A right created and expanded by Supreme Court decisions concerning access to contraceptives, abortion, private sexual behavior, and other matters, even though “privacy” does not appear in the Constitution |
| Roe v. Wade | Decision that declared women have a right to choose to terminate a pregnancy in first 6 months after conception |
| Civil Rights | |
| Political Equality | |
| Jim Crow Laws | Laws enacted by souther state legislators after civil war that mandated rigid racial segregation |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | Supreme Court decision endorsing the legality of racial segregation laws by permitting “separate but equal” services and facilities for African American |
| Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka | Supreme Court decisions that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and declared that government-mandated racial segregation violated the Equal protection clause of 14th amendment |
| Affirmative Action | Measure taken in hiring, recruitment, employment, and education to remedy past and present discriminations against members of specific groups |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Statute prohibited racial segregation in public places (hotels, theaters, employment) and programs receiving federal funding |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | Statute attacked literacy tests and methods used to prevent African Americans from voting |
| Universal Suffrage | Everyone has the right to vote |
| 4 models of representation: Delegate model | legislatures should adhere to the will of their constituents and support their aspirations regardless of his/her feelings |
| Trustee model | Legislatures should consider the will of the people but act in ways they believe is best for interests of nation |
| Politico model | Legislatures follow their own judgement until the public becomes vocal about a matter, then follow the dictates of the constituents |
| Conscience model | Legislatures should follow the will of the people until they truly believe its best for the nation to act differently |
| Pocket Veto | President doesn’t sign a bill that has been passed by both houses by not signing it; within 10 days the bill is killed when congress has adjourned |
| Bicameral Legislature | Legislature with 2 houses: Senate and House of Reps |
| Elastic/Necessary and Proper Clause | Constitution grants congress power to pass all laws “necessary and proper” fro carrying out expressed powers to enhance power of national government |
| Gerrymandering | Drawing legislative boundaries to gain political advantage; might become more common with partisanship |
| Baker v. Carr subcommittees | “One person, one vote” |
| Filibuster | A person keeps talking to delay votes unless 3/5ths of chamber (60 senators) votes to end discussion |
| Prerogative Power | John Locke’s idea that it was necessary to give executives special power to do “several things of their own free choice for the public good” for the president, especially during war president may use this power |
| Whig Model | Presidents were limited to powers expressly granted in the constitution; a theory of restained presidential powers |
| Inner Cabinet | Usually most important advisors to president, the secretaries of the departments of state, defense, treasury, and justice |
| Veto | President’s disapproval of a bill; may be overturned by 2/3 vote in both houses of congress |
| War Powers Resolution | Measure passed by congress in1973 to limit presidential deployment of troops unless congress congress grants approval for a longer period |
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moo_30
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