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Gram Pos Rods (GPRs)
Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Medically important aerobic GPRs (4) | Bacillus; Corynebacterium; Erysipelothrix; Gardnerella |
| Medically important Bacillus species | B. anthracis; B. subtilis; B. cereus; B. sterothermophilus |
| Where are Clostridium species found? | Ubiquitous: soil, water; human GI tract |
| Medically important Clostridium species | C. perfringens; C. tetani; C. botulinum; C. difficile |
| Human disease caused by C. perfringens ranges from _______ to __________ | mild gastroenteritis to severe myonecrosis |
| Of the 6 Clostridium serotypes (labeled ____), type ____ is responsible for most human disease | A - F (A, B, E & F cause human disease). Type A |
| Clostridium’s most significant virulence factors are known as _______ | “lethal toxins” |
| Alpha-toxin (a lecithinase) is produced in large quantities by _____ | type A strains of C. perfringens |
| 3 clinical presentations of anthrax | Cutaneous; gastroenteritis; inhalation |
| 2 clinical presentations B. cereus | Gastroenteritis (mediated by enterotoxins); ocular (trauma leads to rapid, progressive destruction) |
| Bacillus virulence factors | Endospores; enterotoxins; B. anthracis has a capsule |
| Characteristic lesion formed in cutaneous B. anthracis infection | Eschar |
| Etiologic agent of diphtheria | C. diphtheriae |
| Species of this genus are collectively known as diphtheroids | Corynebacterium |
| Small, thin rods that form long filaments | Erysipelothrix |
| Small, paired coccobacilli (aerobic GPRs) | Listeria |
| Erysipelothrix spp. associated with human disease | E. rhusiopathiae |
| colonizes many animals, especially turkey, swine, fish | Erysipelothrix |
| Systemic form of disease rare, usually endocarditis | Erysipelothrix |
| Infections in humans usually zoonotic, cutaneous (more common among butchers, farmers, veterinarians | Erysipelothrix |
| asymptomatic carrier state (1-5%) | Listeria monocytogenes |
| Human disease transmitted by contaminated food (esp. unpasteurized milk); vertical, zoonotic | Listeria monocytogenes |
| Restricted to distinct populations (neonates, elderly, pregnant women, cancer/transplant patients) | Listeria monocytogenes |
| Listeria monocytogenes virulence factors | Hemolysin; listeriolysin O; ability to survive in cold temperatures |
| Medically important anaerobic GPRs | Actinomyces; Clostridium; Lactobacillus; Mobiluncus; Propionobacterium |
| Virulence factors include characteristic terminal endospore seen on Gram stain, hemolysin, and neurotoxin that blocks neurotransmitter release | C. tetani |
| Anaerobic GPR divided into 4 groups (I, II, III, IV) which may represent 4 species | C. botulinum |
| Most common agent of pseudomembranous colitis (aka antibody-dissociated colitis) | C. difficile |
| Like MRSA, this anaerobic GPR has an increasing presence in community outpatient populations | C. difficile |
| Common clinical presentations of Lactobacillus | Transient bacteremia; endocarditis; opportunistic septicemia |
| Mobiluncus & Gardnerella classified as Gram positive because _______ | Have a Gram pos cell wall; an antibiotic susceptibility profile similar to Gram + bacteria; lack endotoxin |
| Anaerobic GPRs that colonize female genital tract in large numbers | Mobiluncus & Gardnerella |
| Microscopically, resemble “drumsticks” or “lollipops” | C. tetani |
| Classification of (antigenically distinct) toxins produced by C. botulinum | Types A-G |
| 3 clinical presentations of botulism | food borne; infant botulism; wound botulism |
| Etiologic agent of antibiotic associated colitis (AAC) | C. difficile |
| virulence factors of C. difficile | toxin A (enterotoxin); toxin B (cytotoxin) |
| Often recovered in urine specimens as a “contaminant” | Lactobacillus |
| Normal flora of mouth, GI and GU tract | Lactobacillus |
| Gram variable but classified as Gram positive | Mobiluncus & Gardnerella |
| Medically important anaerobic GPRs colonize what areas? | Skin and mucosal surfaces |
| Small anaerobic GPRs that on Gram stain appear in clumps or chains | Propionibacterium |
| Predominantly anaerobic; some aerotolerant (gram +) | Propionibacterium |
| Most medically important species of Propionibacterium | P. acnes |
| Normal flora of skin, oropharynx, and female genital tract | Propionibacterium |
| This encodes genes for lethal toxin (responsible for shock syndrome) and edema toxin (causing cutaneous edema) in anthrax | Plasmid pX01 |
| Encodes anthrax genes for capsule production (protecting bacteria from immune defenses) | Plasmid pX02 |
Created by:
Abarnard
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