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The Cold War
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| GI Bill of Rights (Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944) | Forestalled expected recession: eased veterans back into work, reduce female competition, veteran unemployment benefits |
| Colleges and universities | Many created, over 1/2 of students were veterans in 1947, wanted degree more than education (women were dropped out) |
| Bretton Woods Agreement (1944) | Placed US as an economic leader of the non-communist world |
| International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) | Helped rebuild Asia and Europe |
| General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade | Broke trading blocks, expanded international trade |
| Employment Act of 1946 | Major Truman accomplishment - fed gov had to ensure national growth. Established Council of Economic Advisers to expand pres. power to maintain economic place (denied by Congress) |
| Office of Price Administration | Enforced price controls, product makers and sellers opposed continuing wartime controls |
| Midterm election of 1946 | Repubs won 25 govs, control of both houses |
| George F. Kennan | American diplomat in Moscow - wired telegram to State Department, said US should be containment of Russians, saying that they would eventually break up (get tough with Russia) |
| Containment | Policy uniting all strategies to stop Soviet expansion, enhance American's influence. |
| Atomic Energy Commission | Developed nuclear energy / weapons |
| Causes of Cold War | Economic pressure, nuclear intimidation, propaganda, subversion, proxy wars (ideological) |
| Dean Acheston | Undersecretary of state - showed Congress why US should help Greece and Turkey (stop communist spread south) |
| Truman Doctrine | Given $400M military aid to Greece / Turkey - said US must support free people from outside pressures - ACTIVE engagement containing communism |
| National Security Act of 1947 | Unified armed forces under ONE Department of Defense |
| National Security Council (NSC) | Provide foreign policy info to pres / advise him on strategy |
| Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) | Established to gather information abroad, engage in covert activities for US security |
| Marshall Plan (European Recovery Plan) | Also against communism, rose industry by 200% in Western Europe, $17B in aid helped 16 countries overcome communist chaos |
| Berlin airlift | Provided blockaded Berlin with aid after West and East Germany had divided and Soviets had blocked off rail/highway routes through soviet zone (Placed June '48, removed May '49) |
| Federal Republic of Germany | AKA West Germany, made in May '49 after US, British, French ended German occupation |
| North Atlantic Treaty | Mutual defense pact with the US, Canada, and 10 Western Europe countries |
| NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) | Marked end of US isolationism, US joined in July '49 |
| The Warsaw Pact | Set up by East Germany in 1955 as a military alliance |
| Mao Zedong | Communist leader of China's new gov. Took over China without a fight |
| Jiang Jieshi | Nationalist leader of China's government. Withdrew to Taiwan after surrendering |
| People's Republic of China | Known as Red China, Communist Chinese gov by Zedong |
| Mike | Nickname for first thermonuclear bomb (hydrogen) 500x more powerful than atomic bomb. Soviets built their own as well |
| NSC-68 | Secret National Security Council report that emphasized Russia's military strength. Called for massive nuclear increases, large standing army, covert actions by CIA, 4x defense budget |
| Korean War | June 24, 1950 - North Korean attack on South Korea - Truman viewed attack as a communist test, sent troops. He didn't seat Chinese representative in UN which angered Soviets |
| General Douglas MacArthur | Appointed to command UN effort in Korean War, helped push North Koreans back above 38th parallel. Fired in April 10, 1951 for criticizing Truman's limited war. Replaced with Matthew Ridgway |
| Consequences of Korean War | Defense spending, army, nuclear weapons, bases increased. Committed to help West Germany. |
| Taft-Hartley Act (Labor-Management Relations Act) | Banned only-union workplace, outlawed secondary boycotts, union leaders signed loyalty oaths. Weakened organized labor. Vetoed by Truman (overrode) - showed Truman's organized labor support. |
| President's Committee on Civil Rights | Emphasized all reasons to make laws against lynching and poll taxes, a permanent FEPC, desegregate army, segregation in public places |
| Election of 1948 | Truman wanted to implement more civil rights, but backed down to keep southern vote. Dixiecrats placed their electors on Democratic ticket. Truman vs Henry Wallace (Prog) vs Thomas Dewey (R) |
| Morgan v Virginia (1946) | Declared bus transportation unconstitutional |
| Shelley v Kraemer (1948) | Outlawed covenants against selling / renting of houses to minorities |
| Fair Deal | Truman's agenda - civil rights, national health-care, education aid |
| 81st Congress | Accepted existing programs, rejected most Fair Deal measures |
| Secon Red Scare | Americans were subjected to investigation / loyalty oaths. |
| Executive Order 9835 | Established Federal Employee Loyalty Program to find traitors in government. Communists and even homosexuals were found disloyal. |
| House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) | 1947, began hearings to expose communist influence. Those testified and want their rights would be viewed as dangerous or communist. |
| Hollywood Ten | Group of film makers who refused to say if they had been communist, all were sent to prison |
| Dennis v US | Upheld constitutionality of The Smith Act of 1940 (outlawing conspiracy for overthrowing of gov) by letting Congress stop freedom of speech if national security required it |
| Alger Hiss and Whittaker Chambers | Chambers (former Soviet agent) identified as underground communists in 1930s. Hiss (lawyer) denied communist accusation by Rep. Both heightened fears of Dems filled w/ communism. |
| Alger Hiss and Whittaker Chambers conflict | Hiss admitted knowing Chambers, Chambers said Hiss committed espionage by giving him secret gov papers to give to Soviets that were traced back to Hiss - sent to prison. |
| Julius and Ethel Rosenberg | Klaus Fuchs (German involved in Manhattan Project) arrested for passing atomic secrets - accomplice named siblings as knowing, jury found them both guilty and sentenced on June 19, 1953 as the first to die of espionage |
| Joseph R. McCarthy | Blamed for lying, responded by telling WV a list of 205 members of Truman administration of being Communist. Found as a hoax, but persisted. |
| McCarthyism | Word for individual attacks by false allegations and unproven charges. Appealed to midwestern Reps. Attacked liberals |
| McCarran Internal Security Act | Required "communist" organizations to register w/ Department of Justice - authorized arrests of any person possible of espionage. |
| McCarran-Walter Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 | Maintained restriction on immigration from East/Southern immigration, ended ban on Japanese immigration. Increased authority to deport homosexuals/communists |
| Election of 1952 | Gov Adlai Stevenson (Dem, weak speeches, 20 years of Dem was enough) vs Dwight D Eisenhower (Rep, war hero, chose Nixon as running mate) - Eisenhower won, won slight control of both houses. |
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