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Gilded Age - WW1
US History STAAR EOC Vocabulary - Gilded Age to WW1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Interstate Commerce Act | Prohibited unfair practices by railroads such as charging higher rates for shorter routes. |
| Laissez-faire | theory that government should not interfere in the operation of the free market. |
| Bessemer Process | New technological process which made steel more affordable and profitable. |
| John D. Rockefeller | Businessman who made his fortune refining oil; founded Standard Oil Co. (monopoly). |
| Transcontinental Railroad | "Completed in 1869 at Promontory Point |
| Labor Unions | Organized workers to act as a group |
| Child Labor | Were used to work in small areas. |
| Gospel of Wealth | Carnegie's theory that the rich were obligated to help communities by giving back in the form of libraries and schools but NOT giving directly to individuals. |
| Robber Barons | Businessmen who used ruthless tactics to destroy competition and keep workers' wages low. |
| Andrew Carnegie | Scottish immigrant who made his fortune in steel monopoly; known for his 'Gospel of Wealth' |
| Captains of Industry | Businessmen known for their positive contributions to the modern industrial economy. |
| Philanthropy | Act of 'charitable giving' |
| Monopoly | Complete control of a product or service; the elimination of fair competition |
| Anti-Trust Acts | Laws designed to prevent companies from engaging in unfair practices that eliminated fair competition. |
| Social Darwinism | Economic philosophy based on the 'Survival of the Fittest' |
| Great Plains | Area of the country settled by farmers that were brought to the area from the east by the Transcontinental Railroad. |
| Gold Rush | Miners were attracted to the area by discovery of precious metals. |
| Tenements | "Single room apartments often without heating |
| Political Bosses | Corrupt city government officials who promised to provide services and jobs in exchange for votes. |
| Cattle drive | Movement by cowboys of cattle to rail stations in the north to connect to markets in the east. |
| Ethnic ghettos | "Immigrant neighborhoods made up of people of similar nationality |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | First federal law restricting Asian immigration to the United States. |
| Push and Pull Factors | Reasons why immigrants left their country and moved to the U.S. (Push: poverty, Pull: opportunity) |
| Indian Wars | Battles of Little Big Horn |
| Dawes Act | Law that divided up reservations and destroyed Indian culture. |
| Political Machine | Unofficial city organized designed to keep a party in power; usually corrupt and used bribes to get immigrant votes. |
| Assimilation | Process by which people of one culture merge into and become part of another culture. |
| Homestead Act | 1862 law that gave free land to citizens in the Great Plains; led to the closing of the frontier & settlement of the West. |
| Urbanization | Growth of large cities; movement from rural to urban. |
| Tammany Hall | Most notorious political machine designed to keep Democrats in control of NYC; led by 'Boss Tweed.' |
| Americanization | Process of turning in to an American and having their culture. |
| Nativism | Dislike of foreigners. |
| Rough Riders | Group of volunteers, led by Teddy Roosevelt, that gained fame during the Spanish-American war. |
| Foreign policy | consists of a country's policies towards other nations. |
| Yellow journalism | Sensationalized events in Cuba by American newspapers eager for a war with Spain. |
| De Lome Letter | Letter written by a Spanish official, claiming that President McKinley was weak. |
| Spanish-American War | Fought on two fronts, in the Caribbean and in the Pacific, against the Spanish empire. |
| Alfred Thayer Mahan | Argued that, to achieve world power, the U.S. needed a strong, powerful Navy. |
| Dollar Diplomacy | President Taft's foreign policy toward Latin America that advocated for financial investment in Latin America. |
| U.S.S. Maine | Warship that mysteriously exploded in Havana, Cuba; seen as a cause of the Spanish-American War. |
| Queen Liliuokalani | Said that Hawaii should be led and controlled by Hawaiians, later surrenders to Americans and is overthrown. |
| Panama Canal | Completed in 1914, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; allowed for faster travel between oceans. |
| Open Door Policy | Gave equal trading rights to all countries in China. |
| Big Stick Policy | President Roosevelt's foreign policy that he would "speak softly and carry a big stick"; use force if necessary. |
| John J. Pershing | Leader of the American Expeditionary Forces; sent to Mexico to hunt down famous Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa. |
| Roosevelt Corollary | Addition to the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the U.S. would intervene in the affairs of Latin America as a police force. |
| Imperialism | Policy or practice of extending a nation's rule over the less powerful territories. |
| Moral Diplomacy | President Wilson's foreign policy of only supporting democratic countries. |
| Archduke Franz Ferdinand | Austrian-Hungarian leader who was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist; considered spark of World War I. |
| Selective Service Act | Government can now draft men into war. |
| Neutrality | Policy of not taking sides in a war. |
| League of Nations | International peace-keeping organization, created after WWI. |
| U-Boats | German submarines |
| Unrestricted submarine warfare | Germany's policy of using U-Boats to attack any ship during WWI regardless of country's affiliation with the war. |
| Alvin York | Congressional Medal of Honor recipient for heroism in WWI. |
| Western Front | fight on the French and Germany boundary during WWI. |
| Trench warfare | New and strange method of fighting that resulted from the use of machine guns; soldiers dug into the earth to create trenches to fight from. |
| Sussex Pledge | Germany promised not to sink any more ocean liners without prior warning or providing help to passengers. |
| Treaty of Versailles | Ended WWI with provisions that were considered very harsh on Germany. |
| Battle of Argonne Forest | Considered a turning point in WWI; Germany defeated and forced to sign an armistice. |
| American Expeditionary Forces | American fighting force (troops) in WW1 that were led by John J. Pershing. |
| Reparations | Provision of the Treaty of Versailles that made Germany pay for the war damages. |
| Zimmerman Telegram | Secret message from Germany to Mexico, promising to return lost territories if they entered into an alliance with Germany against the U.S. |
| Espionage and Sedition Acts | Made it a crime to criticize American involvement in WW1; considered to go against the freedom of speech. |
| Woodrow Wilson | President who attempted to remain neutral in WWI but was eventually forced to ask for a declaration of war after Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare. |
| Schenck v. U.S. | Supreme Court ruling limiting free speech when it poses a "clear and present" danger. |
| Lusitania | British passenger ship that was sunk by German U-boats, killing over 1,000 people, including Americans. |
| Fourteen Points | Proposed by Wilson before the end of WWI as the basis for peace in Europe; included a League of Nations. |
| Isolationism | Policy after WWI of separation from affairs of other countries and turning their backs to Europe. |
| Machine Gun | Technology developed to automatically fire bullets at high rates; led to the digging of trenches and a stalemate in the WWI. |
| Tank | Technology developed to overcome machine guns and trenches; ended stalemate on the Western Front. |
| Central Powers | WWI Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary; Ottoman Empire |
| Allied Powers | WWI Alliance: Serbia, Great Britain, Russia, France, United States, Italy |
| Initiative | Allows citizens to propose laws and vote on them. |
| Progressive Movement | Aimed at correcting the political and social injustices of the Gilded Age. |
| Settlement House | Community center for immigrants and poor people living in crowded cities. |
| Muckrakers | Reporters, writers, and photographers who exposed the injustices of industrial society and government corruption. |
| Populist Party | Political party representing the common man - farmers, industrial workers - the promoted reforms such as free silver. |
| 18th Amendment | Prohibition of the sale, manufacture, and transport of alcohol |
| Jane Addams | Reformer known for establishing the Hull House |
| Ida B. Wells | Reformer that organized a national anti-lynching crusade |
| Social Gospel Movement | It was the moral responsibility of Christians to pass reforms to enhance the lives of the less fortunate |
| Pure Food and Drug Act | Protected consumers health and welfare by insuring quality products |
| Upton Sinclair | Muckraker who wrote about the abuses in the meat packing industry in "The Jungle" |
| Recall | Elected officials can be removed from office by a special election. |
| 17th Amendment | Direct election of senators |
| Square Deal | Theodore Roosevelt's progressive program that aimed at protecting the public's general welfare. |
| 19th Amendment | Government cannot deny the right to vote based on gender. |
| Federal Reserve Act of 1913 | Law that created Federal Reserve System to control monetary policy. |
| WEB Du Bois | African-American reformer who helped found the NAACP |
| Theodore Roosevelt | Progressive president known for busting trusts |
| Temperance Movement | Led by women, like Francis Willard, to eliminate alcohol |
| Booker T. Washington | Reformer who proposed African-Americans achieve equality gradually through job training. |
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