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USH Topic 12
JAHKMLHS Topic 12 World War I and the 1920s
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| William II | last German emperor (kaiser) and king of Prussia, whose bellicose policies helped to bring about World War I |
| “Over the top” | action occurred as soldiers left the safety of their trenches to attack enemy trenches |
| Triple Entente | alliance consisting of France, Britain, and Russia |
| Central Powers | alliance which consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. |
| contraband | any property that is illegal to produce or possess--may be smuggled goods that are imported into or exported from a country in violation of its laws and may be primarily of a military nature |
| Western Front | area of fighting in World War I was the critical area since whoever won here would win the war |
| Archduke Franz Ferdinand | assassinated in Sarajevo and his death became the final reason for the outbreak of WWI |
| balance of power | equal amount of strength sufficient to discourage or prevent one nation or party from imposing its will on or interfering with the interests of another nation. |
| militarism | ideology that puts war and the use or threat of military force as the highest priority of a country to achieve its political goals |
| Lusitania | in 1915 the sinking of this vessel which was carrying weapons, as well as passengers, began to turn American opinion against the Germans |
| mustard gas | new weapon of WWI which caused the skin of victims to blister, the eyes to become very sore and victims to vomit, as well as causing internal and external bleeding and attacking the bronchial tubes, stripping off the mucous membrane. |
| Edith Cavell | nurse who was executed by the Germans for treason because she assisted British prisoners of war in escaping |
| casualties | participants in a military action who are killed, wounded, or missing |
| Triple Alliance | partnership consisting of German, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. |
| imperialism | policy by which strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker territories |
| Sussex pledge | promise made by Germany to warn ships that they were about to be sunk if the allies would have to remove the blockade of German. |
| nationalism | strong desire of one for independence from foreign domination or to a strong sense of loyalty or devotion to one’s own country |
| Zimmermann Note | telegram, intercepted by the British, encouraged Mexico to make war on the United States together with Germany |
| Alsace-Lorraine | territory lost to Germany by France in 1871 |
| No man’s land | the ground, which was often lined with rows of barbed wire, between two opposing sets of trenches. |
| Manfred von Richthofen | the Red Baron who shot down 80 allied planes before he was finally shot down and killed in 1918.. |
| Gavrilo Princip | this man provided the spark that set off World War I by assassinating the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary |
| trench warfare | type of fighting in which the opposing sides attack, counterattack, and defend from areas dug into the ground. |
| U-boats | vessel was used by Germany to attempt to blockade England, as well as to destroy merchant shipping |
| Selective Service Act | passed in 1917 authorized a draft of young men for military service in Europe |
| Bernard Baruch | head of the War Industries Board |
| Committee on Public information (CPI) | educate the public about the causes and nature of the war |
| George Creel | director of the CPI |
| conscientious objectors | persons who cannot fight in a war because of their moral or religious beliefs |
| Espionage Act | passed in 1917 allowed postal authorities to ban treasonable or seditious newspapers, magazines, or printed materials from the mail |
| Great Migration | great movement of African Americans from the rural South to the industrial North |
| Schenck v. United States | times when the need for public order is so pressing the First Amendment protections of speech to not apply |
| convoy | group of merchant ships sailing together, protected by warships |
| Vladimir Lenin | founded the Communist Party in Russia and led the Russian Revolution |
| John J. Pershing | leader of the American forces as they enter World War I |
| American Expeditionary Force (AEF) | United States’ forces in Europe during World War I |
| Fourteen Points | statement of principles for world peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I |
| self-determination | process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government. |
| "the changes cannot be made | |
| League of Nations | international organization established after World War I under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles |
| Henry Cabot Lodge | Republican senator who led the successful fight to keep the United States from joining the League of Nations after World War I |
| reparations | payment for war damages |
| influenza | flu virus |
| irreconcilables | isolationist senators who oppose any treaty ending World War I that had a League of Nations folded into it |
| reservationists | group of U.S. senators who were prepared to vote for the Treaty of Versailles as long as some changes were made to it |
| war guilt clause | formally blamed Germany for World War I and charged her $33 billion |
| inflation | general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money |
| creditor nation | country which is owed more money by other countries than it owes other countries |
| Henry Ford | revolutionized the automobile industry with his assembly line and treatment of workers |
| mass production | production of goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines |
| Model T | automobile manufactured by Henry Ford to be affordable on the mass market |
| scientific management | approach to improving efficiency, in which experts looked at every step of a manufacturing process, trying to find ways to reduce time, effort, and expense |
| assembly lines | arrangement of equipment and workers in which work passes from operation to operation in direct line until the product is completed |
| consumer revolution | flood of new, affordable goods in the decades after World War I |
| installment buying | method of purchase in which buyer makes a small down payment and then pays off the rest of the debt in regular monthly payments |
| bull market | period of rising stock prices |
| buying on margin | system of purchasing stocks in which a buyer pays a small percentage of the purchase price while the broker advances the rest |
| bear market | period of falling stock prices |
| Warren G. Harding | Presidential candidate from Ohio who promoted a “return to normalcy” following U.S. involvement in World War I |
| Andrew Mellon | Secretary of the Treasury from 1921 to 1932 who played a significant role in reforming the U.S. tax structure by lowering marginal tax rates for individuals and businesses |
| Herbert Hoover | Harding’s Secretary of Commerce who worked with business and labor leaders to achieve voluntary advancements |
| Teapot Dome scandal | Harding’s Interior Secretary, Albert Fall, leased government oil reserves to private oilmen for bribes |
| Calvin Coolidge | continued many of the pro-business policies of his predecessor; Silent Cal |
| Washington Naval Disarmament Conference | meeting held in 1921 and 1922 where world leaders agreed to limit construction of warships |
| Kellogg-Briand Pact | 1928 agreement in which as many as 62 nations agreed to outlaw war |
| Dawes Plan | agreement in which the United States loaned money to Germany, allowing Germany to make reparation payments to Britain and France |
| modernism | artistic and literary movement sparked by a break with past conventions |
| fundamentalism | movement or attitude stressing strict and literal adherence to a set of basic religious principles |
| Scopes Trial | 1925 legal test of a Tennessee school teacher for breaking a law that forbade teaching Darwin's theory of evolution |
| Clarence Darrow | lawyer who is best known for his defense of John Scopes in 1925 |
| William Jennings Bryan | part of the prosecution of John Scopes, a Tennessee schoolteacher charged with violating state law by teaching evolution in 1925 |
| Red Scare | fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life |
| Palmer Raids | the series of sudden attacks in the early 1920s initiated by the Attorney General against suspected radicals and communists |
| Nicola Sacco | Italian shoemaker convicted of murder and executed in 1927 |
| Bartolomeo Vanzetti | Italian fishmonger convicted of murder and executed in 1927 |
| eugenics | idea that the human race can be improved by controlling which people have children |
| quota system | arrangement that limited the number of immigrants who could enter the United States from specific countries |
| Ku Klux Klan | organization that promotes hatred and discrimination against specific ethnic, racial, and religious groups |
| Prohibition | forbidding by law of the manufacture, transport, and sale of alcohol |
| Eighteenth Amendment | constitutional addition banning the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcohol in the United States |
| Volstead Act | law enacted by Congress to enforce the Eighteenth Amendment |
| bootleggers | one who sells illegal alcohol |
| Charlie Chaplin | British comedian who produced, wrote, and directed many films throughout his career and is considered by many to be greatest comic artist in motion picture history |
| The Jazz Singer | American musical released in 1927 that was the first feature-length movie with synchronized dialogue |
| Babe Ruth | professional baseball player known for his showmanship and ability to hit homeruns |
| Charles Lindbergh | American aviator who completed the first non-stop, solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean |
| flapper | young woman from the 1920s who defied traditional rules of conduct and dress |
| Sigmund Freud | developed psychological theories of the human psyche and therapies known as psychoanalysis |
| Lost Generation | term for American writers of the 1920s marked by disillusion with World War I and a search for a new sense of meaning |
| F. Scott Fitzgerald | American writer known for his depictions of American life in the 1920s, especially The Great Gatsby, published in 1925 |
| Ernest Hemingway | American writer who wrote in unadorned sentences; known for his adventurous life and novels such as The Sun Also Rises and For Whom the Bell Tolls. |
| Marcus Garvey | a Jamaican immigrant who believed that African Americans should build a separate society; encouraged his followers to return to Africa, to help native people over throw white colonial oppressors; movement died down when he was convicted of mail fraud |
| jazz | style of music that was invented by African American musicians especially from New Orleans in the early part of the twentieth century; very strong rhythms and often involves improvisation |
| Louis Armstrong | trumpeter and singer who has been called "the single most important figure in the history of jazz" because he was one of the first great soloists of jazz music; pioneered a new style of singing called “scat.” |
| Bessie Smith | the most successful black performing artist of her time; by the end of the 1920s, she had earned herself the title "Empress of the Blues” |
| Harlem Renaissance | outpouring of creative expression in which Blacks proudly exalted in their Black culture and argued for a “New Negro” who was a full citizen and a social equal to whites |
| Claude McKay | a novelist, poet, and Jamaican immigrant; verses urged African Americans to resist prejudice and discrimination; poems also expressed the pain of life in the black ghettos and the strain of being black in a world dominated by whites |
| Langston Hughes | African American poet who described the rich culture of African American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music; wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem |
| Zora Neale Hurston | many of her writings portrayed the lives of poor, unschooled Southern blacks such as in Their Eyes Were Watching God |
| “Duke” Ellington | the most prolific composer of the 20th Century is considered by many to be America’s greatest composer, bandleader, and recording artist; one of the founding fathers of jazz |
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