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WGU BIOCHEM Module 5
lipids
| the bulk of lipids structure is ______________ and _____________ | hydrocarbon; nonpolar |
| fatty acids have 2 main components: a _____________ acid & a ____________ "tail" | carboxylic; hydrocarbon |
| ________________ are the main energy storage molecule in the body and are stored in _____________ tissue | triglycerides; adipose |
| ___________ fatty acids (like in whole milk) remain liquid even in the fridge | short-chain |
| a fatty acid in which each carbon in the hydrocarbon chain is bound to 4 atoms is called | saturated fatty acid |
| unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more pairs of carbons that are not saturated with ______________ atoms | hydrogen |
| describe alpha bond, beta bond, omega-3 bond | alpha and beta are the first and second bonds in a fatty acid chain, respectively. omega is the last, so omega-3 is third from last |
| a fatty acid containing one double bond in its carbon chain is called a ______________________ | monounsaturated fatty acid |
| explain cis configuration | in most unsaturated fatty acids found in nature, they have both hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bond. the asymmetry forces a kink or bend in the carbon chain, making it difficult to pack together |
| explain trans configuration | when the hydrogen atoms are on opposite sides of the double bond ( a trans fatty acid); they can pack tightly and have higher melting points |
| triglycerides are created in _________________ reactions | dehydration |
| fatty acids may be _______________ to produce ATP | oxidized |
| how is phospholipid structure different from triglyceride structure | both have a glycerol backbone; but phospholipids have two fatty acids and a phosphate group (instead of 3 fatty acids) |
| the fatty-acid end of a phospholipid is ________________, where as th phosphate end is ________________ | lipid-soluble (hydrophobic); water-soluble (hydrophilic) |
| phospholipids are ________________ molecules because they are both lipid-soluble and water-soluble | amphipathic |
| phospholipids have the appropriate geometry to form ______________, whereas fatty acids and triglycerols do not | bilayers |
| in addition to the formation of the cellular membranes, ______________ also form micelles | phospholipids |
| micelles have a fat-soluble center surrounded by a coating of ________________ and polar head groups | bile acids |
| ________ help facilitate the absorption of lipids, including dietary fats, into the mucosal cells of the small intestine | micelles |
| _____________ are lipids with four hydrocarbon rings, such as cholesterol and steroid hormones | sterols |
| ____________ vitamins are zoo isoprenoid structures with various important roles in the body | fat soluble |
| _____________ are hormones that act locally to regulate pain, fever, inflammation, blood pressure, etc | eicosanoids |
| the acid portion of a fatty acid corresponds to the _________ group | COOH |
| saturated fatty acids have more _________ than unsaturated fatty acids of the same length | hydrogen atoms |
| carbon can form ____ bonds | 4 |
| the fatty acid chains that make up the phospholpids are the basis for their non-polar character and the ___________ is the basis of its polar nature | phosphate group |
| ___________ is the starting material to manufacture fatty acids | acetyl-CoA |
| lipids are absorbed in the body by __________ and are transported in the form of _________________ | micelles; lipoproteins |
| fatty acids are catabolized by ____________________ in the mitochondria of cells | beta oxidation |
| beta oxidation produces _____________ molecules that can enter cellular respiration | acetyl-CoA |
| fats are digested by enzymes known as ____________ that convert the triglycerides to smaller components | lipases |
| acetyl-CoA produced by beta oxidation can also be converted to _________ bodies for energy | ketone |
| in ____________, body relies on fat for its energy and increases the rate of beta-oxidation to produce acetyl-CoA | ketosis |
| each round of beta-oxidation results in the production of a two-carbon acetyl-CoA unit, so the number of carbons in a fatty acid chain divided by ____ is how many acetyl-CoA units are made | 2 |
| the number of rounds of beta-oxidation needed is ____ less than the number of acetyl-Coaunits produced because the last round produces 2 | 1 |
| ______________ is a precursor for the synthesis of fatty acids | acetyl-CoA |
| fatty acid synthesis occurs in the _________ | cytosol |
| acetyl-CoA is combined with carbon dioxide with the help of biotin in order to form _______________ in the first step of fatty acid synthesis | malonyl-CoA |
| essential fatty acids are ____________ fatty acids | polyunsaturated |
| which lipid has a 4-ring structure | sterol |
| fasting can increase the rate of __________________ | beta oxidation |
| what is a hint that a chain will be liquid at the lowest temperature | double bonds because they create bends and keep it from packing together tightly |
| each acetyl coA has ______ carbons | 2 |
| how many rounds of beta oxidation are needed to break down a fatty acid with 18 carbons | 8; because it can be broken down into 9 two-carbon molecules, which requires 8 rounds |
| beta oxidation involves breaking the _______ bond | beta |
| _______ converts some unsaturated fatty acids into saturated fatty acids | hydrogenation |
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