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Circulatory System
Heart, Blood Vessels, Circuits...
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the smallest blood vessel? (artery) | Capillaries, often small enough for just one blood cell |
| Which blood vessel allows for exchange of materials? | Capillaries -- made of only one layer of epithelial cells, materials are able to pass through |
| What type of cells make up the inner lining of blood vessels? | Endothelial cells |
| What is the Pulmonary Circuit? | The circuit that pumps blood from the Heart -> Lungs -> back to the Heart |
| What is the Systematic Circuit? | The circuit that pumps blood from the Heart -> Rest of the Body -> back to the Heart |
| What do the arteries break into? | Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries |
| Which blood vessels lack a muscular wall? | Capillaries lack a muscular wall |
| What are the two types of chambers in the heart? | Atrias: reservoirs, "waiting rooms" -- where blood pools Ventricles: the muscular areas that pump blood out of the heart at high pressures into the arteries. |
| Which ventricle pumps Oxygenated blood to the body? | The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood |
| Which ventricle pumps de-oxygenated blood to the lungs? | The right ventricle pumps de-oxygenated blood |
| What veins does de-oxygenated blood enter the Right Atrium? | de-oxygenated blood enters the Right Atrium via the Superior Vena Cava + Inferior Vena Cava |
| What artery carries blood from the Right ventricle to the Lungs? | The Pulmonary Artery carries de-oxygenated blood to the lungs |
| What blood vessels carry blood oxygenated blood from the Lungs to the Left Atrium? | Pulmonary Veins carry oxygenated blood to the Left Atrium |
| The Left Ventricle pumps blood into which artery? | The aorta |
| How many layers is the Aorta? | The aorta is a single layer artery |
| Where does the de-oxygenated blood from the heart pool? | The de-oxygenated blood from the heart pools into the Coronary Veins -- which merge to form the Coronary Sinus |
| What blood vessels feed the Heart with Oxygenated Blood? | The Coronary Arteries feed the Heart Wall with oxygenated blood -- they are some of the first few branches off the Aorta |
| What is a sinus? | A sinus is an open space |
| What is the Coronary Sinus? | The Coronary Sinus is a space that holds low-pressure de-oxygenated blood -- which drains directly into the Right Atrium. (normally de-oxygenated blood enter the inferior/superior vena cava and enters the R Atrium) |
| What type of valve separates the Atriums and Ventricles? | Atrioventricular valves separate the atriums and ventricles |
| What are the two specific types of Atrioventricular Valves and which sides are they located on? | Left Side: Bicuspid valve -- aka: Mitral Valve Right Side: Tricuspid Valve |
| Is Atrial or Ventricular pressure higher? | Ventricular Pressure is much higher than Atrial Pressure. |
| What valve separates the Right Ventricle from the Pulmonary Artery? | The Pulmonary Valve |
| What valve separates the Left Ventricle from the Aorta? | The Aortic Semi-lunar valve |
| What are the semilunar valves? | The pulmonary Valve + Aortic Semilunar valve |
| Where are venous valves located? | In the veins -- help push blood toward the heart when the pressure decreases (pressure decreases as it moves away from the heart) |
| What are the two periods that make up the Cardiac Cycle? | Diastole: Blood flows from the Atria -> Ventricles Systole: Blood is pumped from the Ventricles into the Arteries |
| During which period are the Ventricles contracting? | They are contracting during the Systole Period. |
| What sound does the heart make? and what is actually making these sounds? | "Lub Dup". The sounds are produced by the valves closing |
| What is Stroke Volume? | The volume of blood pumped with each systole period |
| What is Cardiac Output? and what is the equation for it? | Cardiac output: Volume of blood pumped per minute. CO = SV * HR SV: Stroke Volume HR: Heart Rate |
| What is the Frank-Starling Mechanism? | When the heart muscle is stretched, it can contract more forcefully -- increase the stroke volume. In order to stretch the heart muscle it must be filled with more blood. |
| What is Venous Return? | Venous Return: Blood returning to the heart via the Vena Cava |
| How can Venous Return be increased? | 1. Increasing the volume of blood in the circulatory system -- by retaining fluids. 2. Contracting the large veins -- valves play an important role here |
| What is a Syncytium? | Syncytium: a tissue in which cytoplasm between different cells can communicate via a gap junction. |
| What are intercalated discs? | Intercalated discs: gap junctions found in cardiac muscle -- allow them to communicate. This is a Electrical synapse -- chemical synapses are not found in cardiac muscle. |
| What voltage gated channels are involved in Cardiac Muscle? | Sodium Channels (Fast Sodium Channels) & Calcium Channels (Slow Calcium Channels). The slow Ca2+ channels stay open longer and allow cardiac depolarization to last longer than neuronal depolarization does. |
| What initiates each action potential of the Cardiac Muscle? | The heart itself automatically initiates its own contraction. A special region in the Right Atrium -- Sinoatrial Node (SA) acts like the pacemaker of the heart and has 3 stages (Stage 0, Stage 3 & Stage 4) |
| What is the Cranial Nerve that help regulates Heart rate? | The Vagus nerve helps inhabit the depolarization of the SA node -- sets the "Vagus Tone" |
| What is the driving force for blood flow? | The driving force behind blood flow is the difference in Pressure from arteries to veins |
| What is the principal Blood Buffer? | Bicarbonate (HCO3-), buffers around a pH of 7.4 |
| What is the principal sugar in blood? | Glucose |
| What is the Autocrat? |
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