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Sociology Quiz 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Auguste Comte | coined the term Sociology; shaped and expand sociology; believed theoretical science of society and systematic investigation of behavior were need to improve society |
| Karl Max | the communist manifesto; working class should overthrow the existing class; emphasized group identifications and associations that influence an individuals place in society |
| Herbert Spencer | Darwinism-concept of evolution applies to society, survival of the fittest, its natural for some people to be rich and some to be poor |
| Emile Durkheim | Father of Sociology; made sociology a science; worked on suicide and how society functions and regulates itself |
| Max Weber | verstehen-insight or understanding; ideal type- a construct or model for evaluating specific cases; value free, objective sociology |
| Harriet Martineau | writer-writings emphasized the impact that the economy, law, trade, health, and population could have on sociological; gender roles |
| Charles Horton Cooley | sociological perspective to look at smaller units; small groups are the seed beds of society-they shape peoples beliefs, values, ideals, and social nature-we learn who we are by interacting with others |
| Jane Addams | goal of assisting the underprivileged and creating a more equalitarian society; successfully prevented racial segregation in Chicago public schools |
| Robert Merton | produced a theory of different ways in which people attempt to achieve success in life; crime is only used to achieve goals |
| Erving Goffman | dramaturgical approach- people are theatrical performers, you will act differently in different places in daily lives we try to convey distinct impressions of who we are |
| George Herbert Mead | interectionist perspective- sociological framework-human beings are viewed as living in a world of meaningful objects theory of the self, as people mature their selves begin to reflect their concern about reactions form others |
| conflict perspective | assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of tension between groups over power or the allocation of resources |
| functionalist perspective | emphasizes the the way in which parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability |
| interactionist perspective | generalize about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole |
| applied sociology | use of discipline for sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations |
| basic sociology | seeks more profound knowledge of the fundamental aspects of social phenomena |
| clinical sociology | dedicated to facilitating change by altering social relationships or restructuring social institutions |
| manifest function | institutions are open stated and conscious functions |
| latent function | unconscious or unintended functions that may reflect hidden purposes of an institution |
| dysfunciton | refers to an element or process of a society that may actually disrupt the social system or reduce stability |
| scientific method | defining a problem, reviewing the literature, formulating a hypothesis, selecting the research design and collecting and analyzing data, drawing a conclusion |
| qualitative research | relies on what is seen in field and naturalistic settings; focus on small groups and communities |
| quantitative research | collects and reports data primarily in numerical form |
| value nuetrality | when investigators have an ethical obligation to accept research findings even when the data run counter to their personal views |
| validity | refers to the degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study |
| reliability | refers to the extent at which a measure produces consistent results |
| culture | totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects and behavior |
| society | a fairly large number of people who live in the same territory independent from outsiders and common customs |
| culture industry | the worldwide media industry that standardizes the goods and services demanded by consumers |
| innovation | the process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture through discovery or invention |
| discovery | the process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality |
| material culture | the physical or technical aspects of our daily lives |
| nonmaterial culture | ways of using material objects, customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication |
| value | a collective concept of what is considered good, desirable, and proper/worn in a culture |
| Sapir-Whorf hypothesis | the role of language in shaping our interpretation of reality/expierences |
| dorminant ideology | a set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain a powerful social, economic, and political interest |
| norm | a established standard of behavior maintained by society |
| formal norm | a norm that has been written down and that specifies strict punishments for violators |
| informal norm | a norm that is generally understood but not precisely recorded |
| mores | norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society |
| folkway | a norm governing everyday behavior |
| sanction | a penalty or reward for conduct securing a social form |
| subculture | a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of customs, rules and traditions |
| argot | specialized language used by members of a group or subculture |
| counterculture | a subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture |
| culture shock | the feeling of surprise and disorientation that people experience when they encounter cultural practices that are different from their own |
| etnocentrism | the tendency to assume that ones culture and way of life are the norm or superior way of life |
| cultural relativism | the viewing of peoples behavior from the perspective of their own culture |
| cultural universals | a common practice or belief found in every culture |
| invention | the combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not exist before |
| sociobiology | the scientific study of the biological aspects of social behavior in animals and humans |
| stages of the self | preparatory: children imitate the people around them play: children pretend to be other people game: children play roles but consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously |
| impression management | the altering of the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences (Goffman) |
| significant other | an individual who is most important in the development of the self, such as a parent, friend, or teacher (Mead) |
| generalized other | the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her behavior (Mead) |
| degradation ceremony | an aspect of the socialization process within some total institutions, in which people are subjected to humiliating rituals |
| looking-glass self | a concept that emphasizes the self as the product of our social interactions (Cooley) |
| socialization | process of how people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture |
| resocialization | the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as a part of a transition in one's life |
| facework | the efforts people make to maintain the proper image and avoid public embarrassment |
| rite of passage | a ritual marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another |
Created by:
hassa