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Colonial America, Independence, Constitution, Civil War (8th Grade)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| primary source | text that tells a first-hand account of an event; original works used when researching (journals, letters) |
| secondary source | information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event |
| bias | a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation |
| political cartoon | pictures, images, or drawings that make political statements of the day about current issues and events |
| GNP | gross national product – the sum of all goods and services produced in a nation in a year |
| “All men are created equal” | basic belief of the Declaration of Independence |
| “In God We Trust” | U.S. Department of Treasury places this motto on U.S. currency/coins because of the increased religious sentiment existing during the Civil War, 1955 President Eisenhower made it law that all U.S. currency is required to have this motto |
| 13th Amendment | abolished slavery |
| 14th Amendment | declares that all person born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws |
| 15th Amendment | citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude (black men can vote) |
| Abraham Lincoln | 16th President of the U.S., saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; assassinated by Booth in 1865 |
| Alexis de Tocqueville | French political writer noted for his analysis of American institutions, wrote Democracy in America where he praised the U.S. for having 5 principles that make democracy work: individualism, liberty, egalitarianism, populism, laissez-faire |
| Ben Rush | a doctor, scientist and published works about medicine and mental illness (signs D.O.I.) |
| Bill of Rights | statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first 10 Amendments to the U.S. Constitution) |
| 1st Amendment | Freedom of speech, press, assembly, religion and petition |
| 2nd Amendment | Right to bear arms in order to form a militia |
| 3rd Amendment | No quartering of soldiers without consent |
| 4th Amendment | Protection from unreasonable searches and seizures |
| 5th Amendment | Protection of Rights to Life, Liberty and Property (double jeopardy, self-incrimination, due process and just compensation) |
| 6th Amendment | Rights of Accused in Criminal Cases (impartial jury, confront witnesses against you, legal counsel for defense) |
| 7th Amendment | Rights in Civil Cases (right to jury, one decision) |
| 8th Amendment | No Excessive Bail, Fines or Punishments |
| 9th Amendment | All Rights not listed kept by the People |
| 10th Amendment | Undelegated powers kept by the States and the People |
| Charles Carroll | Catholic signer of the D.O.I. who showed patriotism |
| civil rights | the rights of full citizenship and quality under the law |
| Declaration of Independence | the document recording the proclamation of the 2nd Continental Congress (Jul 4, 1776) asserting the independence of the 13 colonies from Great Britain |
| E Pluribus Unum | national motto of the U.S.A., “out of many, one” |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | U.S. suffragist and feminist |
| Executive Orders | regulations originating from the Executive Branch (President). Executive Orders are one method presidents can use to control the bureaucracy |
| Federal Government | a government with strong central powers (ours is located in Washington, D.C.) |
| Frederick Douglas | U.S. abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North |
| John Hancock | American revolutionary patriot who was president of the Continental Congress, signed the D.O.I. |
| John Jay | U.S. diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as first chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court – helped write the Federalist Papers, letters to encourage ratification of the U.S. Constitution |
| John Peter Muhlenberg | American clergyman, Continental Army soldier during the American Revolutionary War, served in the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate for Pennsylvania (founding father) |
| John Witherspoon | American Revolutionary leader and educator (born in Scotland) who was a signer of the Declaration of Independence and president of the college that became Princeton University |
| Jonathan Trumbull, Sr. | Governor of Connecticut; Trumbull was the only governor to support the position of the colonies. He had long been a supporter of colonial rights and during the war supplied General Washington with food, clothing, and munitions. |
| state government | the government of a state in the United States |
| suffrage | a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment for men and the 19th amendment for women |
| Susan B. Anthony | social reformer who campaigned for women’s rights, the temperance movement, and was an abolitionist; helped form the National Women’s Suffrage Association |
| United States Constitution | written at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and ratified to replace Articles of Confederation, gave us 3 branches (bicameral legislative, executive and judicial); included 3/5 compromise; has been ratified 27 times throughout its history. |
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