click below
click below
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Chapter 16
Term | Definition |
---|---|
caravel | a light, fast sailing ship with a rudder and lateen sails |
Henry the Navigator | son of King John I of Portugal, patron and supporter of explorers |
Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer who traveled to Calicut, India in 1497 |
Christopher Columbus | Italian sailor who traveled west to reach China but discovered islands in the Caribbean |
Ferdinand Magellan | first explorer to attempt the circumnavigate the globe; while he was killed on the way, some of his sailors completed the journey |
cirgumnavigate | travel completely around the world |
Sir Francis Drake | English explorer, second man to circumnavigate the globe |
Harry Hudson | Dutch sailor who looked unsuccessfully for the Northwest Passage and explored the river that is now named after him |
encomienda | Spanish system in which a colonist received land and Native American workers to whom he was required to teach Christianity |
Hernan Cortes | Spanish explorer and conqueror of Mexico's Aztec empire |
conquistador | Spanish term for conqueror; name for Spanish military leaders who fought against the native peoples of the Americas |
Moctezuma II | Aztec emperor at the time of Cortes's conquest of Mexico |
Francisco Pizarro | conqueror of Inca Empire in Peru for the Spanish |
Atahualpa | ruler of Inca Empire killed by Spanish invaders led by Pizarro |
viceroys | officials who ruled large area of Spain's American colonies in the king's name |
Bartolome de Las Casas | Spanish priest who criticized treatment of Native Americans, suggesting that slaves from Africa be used as laborers instead |
Treaty of Tordesillas | treaty signed in 1493 dividing the Americas between Spain and Portugal along an imaginary line |
Colombian Exchange | the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases due to contact between the peoples of Europe |
mercantilism | the European economic policy that called for nations to gain weatlh in order to build a strong military and expand influence |
balance of trade | the amount of goods sold by a country against those purchased from other countries; a favorable balance of trade meant selling more goods than were bought |
subsidies | grants of money given by the governments for purposes such as helping people start a new business |
capitalism | economic system in which private individuals rather than governments perform most of the economic activity, with the goal of making a profit |
joint-stock company | a company in which investors buy shares of stock, receiving a portion of the profits but only losing the amount of their investment if it failed |
plantation | estates in the Americas where cash crops were grown on a large scale |
triangular trade | trading network that brought goods from Europe to Africa to be traded for slaves, took the slaves to the Americas to be sold, then brought American goods back to Europe |
Middle Passage | name for the second leg of the triangle, bringing captive Africans to the Americas, where they were sold as slaves |
Olaudah Equiano | African who wrote about the horrific conditions Africans endured on Middle Passage voyages |
African Diaspora | the spread of African descent throughout the Americas and Western Europe as a result of the slave trade, eventually spreading African culture throughout the Western world |