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Chapter 9-10
Vocabulary - Industrial Transformation in the North & Jacksonian Democracy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| artisan | skilled, experienced worker who produces specialized goods by hand |
| Cumberland Road | a national highway that provided thousands with a route from Maryland to Illinois |
| deskilling | breaking an artisanal production process into smaller steps that unskilled workers can perform |
| Erie Canal | a canal that connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie and markets in the West |
| free moral agency | the freedom to change one’s own life and bring about one’s own salvation |
| labor theory of value | an economic theory holding that profits from the sale of the goods produced by workers should be equitably distributed to those workers |
| land offices | sites where prospective landowners could buy public land from the government |
| machine tools | machines that cut and shape metal to produce standardized, interchangeable parts for mechanical devices such as clocks or guns |
| Mohawk and Hudson Railroad | the first steam-powered locomotive railroad in the United States |
| putting-out system | a labor system whereby a merchant hired different families to perform specific tasks in a production process |
| specie | “hard” money, usually in the form of gold and silver coins |
| Working Men’s Party | a political group that radically opposed what they viewed as the exploitation of workers |
| American System | the program of federally sponsored roads and canals, protective tariffs, and a national bank advocated by Henry Clay and enacted by President Adams |
| code of deference | the practice of showing respect for individuals who had distinguished themselves through accomplishments or birth |
| corrupt bargain | the term that Andrew Jackson’s supporters applied to John Quincy Adams’s 1824 election, which had occurred through the machinations of Henry Clay in the U.S. House of Representatives |
| Five Civilized Tribes | the five tribes—Cherokee, Seminole, Creek, Choctaw, and Chickasaw—who had most thoroughly adopted Anglo-American culture; they also happened to be the tribes that were believed to stand in the way of western settlement in the South |
| Kitchen Cabinet | a nickname for Andrew Jackson’s informal group of loyal advisers |
| log cabin campaign | the 1840 election, in which the Whigs painted William Henry Harrison as a man of the people |
| monster bank | the term Democratic opponents used to denounce the Second Bank of the United States as an emblem of special privilege and big government |
| nullification | the theory, advocated in response to the Tariff of 1828, that states could void federal law at their discretion |
| rotation in office | originally, simply the system of having term limits on political appointments; in the Jackson era, this came to mean the replacement of officials with party loyalists |
| second party system | the system in which the Democratic and Whig Parties were the two main political parties after the decline of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican Parties |
| spoils system | the political system of rewarding friends and supporters with political appointments |
| Tariff of Abominations | a federal tariff introduced in 1828 that placed a high duty on imported goods in order to help American manufacturers, which southerners viewed as unfair and harmful to their region |
| Trail of Tears | the route of the forced removal of the Cherokee and other tribes from the southeastern United States to the territory that is now Oklahoma |
| tyranny of the majority | Alexis de Tocqueville’s phrase warning of the dangers of American democracy |
| universal manhood suffrage | voting rights for all male adults |
| Whigs | a political party that emerged in the early 1830s to oppose what members saw as President Andrew Jackson’s abuses of power |
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