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Chapter 14
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Holy Land | the region where the site of the Holy Temple of the Jews was located where Jesus had lived and taught |
| Pope Urban II | Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against the Muslims, starting the Crusades |
| Crusades | a series of religious wars launched by the European Christians in the Middle Ages |
| Saladin | Muslim sultan who overthrew the Seljuk Turks and drove the Christians out of Jerusalem, leading to the Third Crusade |
| Richard the Lion-Hearted | King of England who led forces against the army of Saladin during the third Crusade |
| Hanseatic League | a group of cities and towns in northern Germany that worked together to promote and protect trade |
| credit | the promise of later payment for goods bought |
| guilds | trade organizations in which all members set standards and prices for their products |
| apprentice | someone who spent several years with a skilled crafter to learn basic skills of the craft |
| journeyman | a person who has learned the basics of a career as an apprentice but is still learning from masters and has not yet opened his own shop |
| Gothic | building style that used advances in engineering to make churches taller and brighter than earlier churches |
| flying buttresses | supports that helped hold up church walls from the outside, allowing for much higher ceilings and an interior that had no columns |
| illumination | the process of decorating a written manuscript with pictures or designs |
| Hildegard of Bingen | a famous medieval nun who was both a poet and a composer |
| troubadors | wandering singers who performed epics and romances |
| Geoffrey Chaucer | English author of the Canterbury Tales |
| Dante Alighieri | Italian author of the Divine Comedy |
| Thoman Aquinas | influential scholar who argued that classical ideas could be used to improve people's understanding of Christian teachings |
| Scholasticism | a combination of Christian faith and rational thought set forth by Aquinas |
| heresy | beliefs that oppose the church's official teachings |
| Inquisitions | legal procedures supervised by special judges who tried suspected heretics |
| friars | members of religious orders who took vows of poverty and obedience and lived among the people to whom they preached |
| Hundred Years' War | a war between Britain and France that began as a dispute over the throne of France |
| Joan of Arc | peasant girl who led the French into battle during the Hundred Years' War and won several victories before she was captured, tried, and executed by the British |
| Wars of the Roses | conflict between the York and Lancaster families for the English throne |
| Henry VII | nobleman whose rise to king ended the Wars of the Roses and stared a new era in English history |
| Black Death | a devastating plague that swept across Europe between 1347 and 1351 |
Created by:
tinsleylett
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