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Colonial America 1
Trainor AP US History Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prince Henry the Navigator | he was a portuguese prince who encouraged seamen to explore the African coast and search for weak spots in the Moslem defense. he also set up a famous navigational school in portugal |
| Christopher Columbus | he was an Italian seaman who sailed under the Spanish flag. on october 12, 1492, he discovered an island off the Bahamas. his discovery marked the beginning of the exploration and conquest of the New World |
| Amerigo Vespucci | he was an Italian navigator who sailed for Spain and explored South America. america is named in his honor. his book, mundus novus, told about the new world |
| Demarcation Line 1493 | this was a line drawn 100 leagues west of the cape verde islands. the pope awarded portugal all lands east of the line, wh ile spain received all lands west of the line. this line was used to avoid conflicts over land claims between the two countries |
| Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 | this treaty shifted the demarcation line 370 leagues west of the cape verde islands. this line shift gave spain most of north and south america while portugal received africa and brazil |
| Spanish Armada's Defeat 1588 | the swift english ships, under sir francis drake's command, were able to defeat the large, powerful spanish armada that was transporting troops to invade england. this victory allowed the english to colonize the new world and began english naval supremacy |
| Sir Walter Raleigh | he was a wealthy court favorite of Elizabeth I who, in 1583, inherited a patent authorizing h im to establish a colony. he made three attempts to start a settlement on roanoke island but was unsuccessful |
| Roanoke | this was the first attempted settlement of north america by the english. the f irst two attempts failed and the third settlement disappeared mysteriously before a supply ship could reach the starving settlers |
| Jamestown 1607 | it was established by john smith and was the f irst permanent english settlement in the new world. jamestown was located along the banks of the james river, virginia, and was named in honor of king james I |
| Captain John Smith | he was a young adventurer who led and saved the jamestown colony in 1608. he provided leadership as a member of the governing council and his return to england resulted in a starvation period for the colonists |
| John Rolfe | he saved the economy of virginia by perfecting the methods of raising and curing tobacco in 1616 |
| Headright System | this was a system used in virginia to encourage immigration by giving 50 acres of land to any settler that brought a servant |
| House of Burgesses 1619 | this was the first elected legislature in the colonies and was composed of two representatives from each plantation. the representatives met with the governor and council to frame laws for virginia |
| Bacon's Rebellion 1676 | Nathaniel Bacon led thousands of angry back-country men against governor berkeley of virginia. the governor was unwilling to fight the indians who were attacking the settlers because he wanted to preserve the colony's fur trade |
| Anglicans (Church of England) | anglicans were worshippers of the religion started by henry VIII because of marital disputes with the pope. henry VIII established a church almost identical to the roman catholic church, but the king of england, not the pope, was the head of the church |
| Lord Baltimore (George Calvert) | he was a prominent english catholic who was seeking a haven for other catholics. in 1632, he received the land grant first promised to his father. he made maryland into a haven for all christians |
| Maryland's Act of Toleration 1649 | this act allowed freedom of worship for all christians in maryland to keep the peace between protestants and catholics |
| Cavaliers (Catholics) | they were loyal supporters of king charles I. when charles I was decapitated, the cavaliers fled to maryland |
| James Oglethorpe | he was a prominent humanitarian who led a group of proprietors and settlers to georgia in 1732. he led the colonists to victory over the spanish and the indians and was the most important founder of the thirteenth colony, georiga |
| Plymouth Colony (Pilgrims, Separatists) | in 1620, the pilgrim landed at plymouth, massachusetts in search of religious freedom. they were persecuted for wanting to "seperate" from the church of england so they emigrated to the new world on the mayflower |
| William Bradford | he was the first elected governor of the plymouth colony and served for 30 years in this position. he wrote "william bradford's history of plymouth plantation" in 1646 |
| Separatists | they were a protestant group that wanted to "separate" from the anglican church. they were the settlers of the plymouth colony |
| Mayflower Compact 1620 | this was an agreement signed by 41 adult males before the landing at plymouth by the separatists. this compact made all settlers consent to be ruled by the majority's will |
| Massachusetts Bay Colony (Puritans, Non-Separatists) | 1630s: puritans colonized massachusetts in present-day boston.they did't want to "separate" from Anglican church, but because they couldn't purify it, they left england.puritanism was called a cong. religion b/c all puritan males had a say in gov affairs |
| John Winthrop | he led 1000 puritans to america in 1630 and was elected governor of the massachusetts bay colony. he also wrote the history of new england in 1649 |
| Puritans (Congregationalists) | led by john winthrop, and sailed to massachusetts in 1630 to escape religious persecution. they followed the teachings of john calvin and believed in a theocracy that would allow the state to force all people to live and worship in an orthodox way |
| Cambridge Agreement 1629 | this bound john winthrop and fellow puritans to migrate to america if the british government allowed them to keep a charter which gave the puritans virtual self government |
| The Great Puritan Migration | between the years 1630 and 1640, a large migration of puritans to the massachusetts colony took place. the vigorous persecution by king charles I of religious dissenters brought 250000 puritans to america |
| Calvinism | it was a doctrine created by the frenchman john calvin in 1534, which stated the belief in predestination among other things (one of the concepts that the puritans accepted) |
| Huguenots | because they were opposed to the catholic church, the huguenots or french protestants were harassed, which caused them to escape persecution by traveling to the new world |
| King Philips (Metacom) War 1675-76 | this was a war in which the indian chieftain, king philip, destroyed dozens of towns in massachusetts and killed hundreds of settlers because they enroached on his lands. "metacomet" was king philip's indian name, therefore the name "metacom" war |
| Salem Witch Trials 1692 | in salem, massachusetts, a hysterical witchcraft purge resulted in the deaths of 20 accused citizens. the delusion was caused by puritan intolerance and belief in witchcraft. this incident marked the end of puritanism |
| Roger Williams (Rhode Island) | fled from the massachusetts bay colony to rhode island in 1636 b/c he stated that gov had no authority over the personal opinions of individuals. in rhode island, he established the first baptist church in america and allowed religious freedom |
| Anne Hutchinson | she attacked the authority of the clergy in the massachusetts bay colony by stating that they were not part of the elect. she was banished to rhode island in 1637 when she claimed to have spoken with the holy spirit |
| Antinomians | they were supporters of anne hutchinson and included many merchants, young men and women. they were named antinomians because they were opposed to the rule of law |
| New Netherlands | this land was first discovered by henry hudson. the new netherlands became a dutch colony through the efforts of the dutch west india company. in 1664, it was seized by charles II and given to his brother, the duke of york |
| Patroon system | the dutch west india company tired to attract settlers to the new netherlands by granting large estates to wealthy men who promised to bring a certain number of tenant farmers. this system failed because only one patroonship was established |
| Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 1639 | set up in connecticut, this was the first constitution in the colonies. it enumerated the government's powers and allowed the men to vote for the governor |
| John Davenport | he set up the new haven colony in 1637. it allowed only church members a voice in government. new haven joined with other nearby towns to form the colony of connecticut in 1662 |
| William Penn | Penn was attracted to the quaker faith in 1660. his disapproving father sent him to the new world, where in 1681 he set up a religious asylum in penn. for quakers. although penn. was created for quakers, others were invited to live there freely. |
| Quakers (Society of Friends) | quakers are pacifists who believe that individuals deserve recognition for their spiritual state. they swear allegiance to God and "quake" under deep religious emotion |
| Bread Colonies | They referred to the middle colonies (new york, new jersey, deleware, and pennsylvania) because they exported large amounts of grain to england and other colonies |
| Mercantilism | stated that the colonies existed to supply the mother country with goods that could not be produced at home, to purchase the mother country's goods with gold or silver, and to allow themselves to be exploited in any way for the benefit of the home country |
| Sectionalism | it referred to the differences and interests of each region in the US, whether physical, environmental, or cultural. it included the north, south, and west |
| Plantation Economy | this referred to the inefficient, slave-centered economy of the south where all land was used to grow large amounts of cash crops for export |
| Triangular trade | this was the atlantic trade in which slaves and gold from africa; sugar, molasses, lumber and rum from the west indies and the colonies; and manufactured goods from europe were to be traded, one for the other, in a triangular route |
| Navigation Acts | measures passed by parliament in 1651, 1660, 1663, and 1696; upheld england's mercantilistic policies towards the colonies, stated that the colonies could trade only with england. they also restricted colonian trade to english ships only |
| Admiralty Courts, Vice-Admiralty Courts | the admiralty courts enforced the navigation acts by jury until 1696. the vice-admiralty courts enforced the navigation acts without a jury after 1696 |
| The Great Awakening | this was a religious revival in the 1730's and 40's. the puritans were becoming frivolous in their beliefs, so many preachers gave sermons to frighten the people into taking religion seriously |
| Jonathon Edwards | one of the revivalists in the great awakening. he gave many sermons tothe masses. his most famous one was "sinners in the hands of an angry god" |
| George Whitefield | he was an evangelical preacher from england who helped spread the falmes of religious revivalism in south carolina. he became the first national figure to spread his doubts about the established churches. |
| William Tennent | he was a presbyterian minister hwo stimulated numerous conversions in prayer meetings called refreshings. hecreated the log house to train young ministers |
| Gilbert Tennent | he was william tennent's son and helped undermine support for established churches. he was part of the great awakening and preachedrevivalism |
| Old Lights, New Lights | the established clergy were known as old lights and were against the great awakening. they were rationalists, and they included alexander garden. revivalists during the great awakening were called new lights. included george whitefield and gilbert tennent |
| Woolens Act 1699 | it forbade the production of woolen cloth for export from the colonies, but it didn't interfere seriously with the colonial economy. this and the following two acts were part of england's mercantilistic policy towards the colonies |
| Hat Act 1732 | prohibited the manufacture of hats from the colonies, but it didn't interfere seriously with the colonial economy |
| Molasses Act 1733 | placed prohibitive duties on non-english sugar, rum, and molasses imported into north america, but this act was never enforced |
| Iron Act 1750 | prohibited the production of certain types of iron implements in the colonies, but it was never enforced |
| Quitrents | it was a sum of money or goods paid to the proprietor or king to rent land |
| Primogeniture, Entail | primogeniture: medieval inheritance law that awarded all of a father's property to the eldest son. entail: regulation of the line of descent that received an estate. attacks on these aristrocratic practices were led by thomas jefferson in late 1700s |
| Indentured Servants | they were white coloniests at the bottom of the social scale. they were poor, so they paid their passage to the new world by working for four or more years when they arrived in the colonies |
| Harvard 1636, William and Mary 1693 | harvard: first college in america and was formed to train local boys for the m inistry. william & mary was founded to train a better class of clerics |
| Phillis Wheatly | she was a black poetess who published a book of poems in the late 18th century |
| Poor Richard's Almanac | famous publication from 1732 to 1758 by benjamin franklin that contained many sayings emphasizing thriftiness, industry, morality, and common sense |
| John P. Zenger | Zenger was a newspaper editor in new york who made a written attack on the corrupt royal governor in 1735. he was arrested but was found "not guilty" on the counts of seditious libel |
| Charter Colony (Joint-Stock) | it was a colony that was owned and maintained by stockholders and whose type of government was chosen by the stockholders |
| Royal (Crown) Colony | a colony financed and run by the king. the king appointed a royal governor for each of his colonies |
| Proprietorship | a colony that was given to a wealthy person to alleviate the amount of money the k ing invested into the colonies. the proprietor chose whatever form of government he wanted, and made laws in his colony |
| Queen Anne's WAr 1701-1713 | between france and england; caused by louis XIV when he attempted to place his grandson on the spanish throne. it resulted in english control over hudson bay, newfoundland, and acadia |
| War of Jenkins Ear 1739 | between spain and england; caused by jenkin's presentation of his ear to parliament. his ear had been cut off by a spanish captain |
| King George's WAr 1744-1748 | an indecisive war between france and england that was caused by the prussian seizure of silesia. it resulted in mutual restoration of conquests |
| French and Indian War 1754-1760 | battle between france and england for n.america and europe. known as the seven years war in europe. british ended the war by capturing quebec and kicking french of of n.america. with the french defeat, england began to reassert control over her colonies |
| Albany Congress 1754 | this congress met in an attempt to bring the iroquois into the seven years war and to deal with other military affairs. came up with the albany plan |
| Albany Plan of Union | drafted by ben f; proposed that colonial defense problems be handled by a royally appointed president-general and a federal council of delegates chosen by colonies. was rejected by colonies and the iroquois remained neutral during war |
| William Braddock Massacre 1755 | during french and indian war, the colonists attempted to defeat the french in pennsylvania. when general braddock came through with two regiments, he was ambushed. only george washington and thirty other colonists survived |
| George Washington | led an expedition to pennsylvania to defeat the french. in 1753 he was captured, but then released when he promised not to fight the french again |
| William Pitt | he was a brilliant english general who was victorious in north america. pittsburgh was named in his behalf after england won the french and indian war |
| James Wolfe | an english general in north america who led the siege of quebec in 1759. during the siege he was killed, but his forces captured quebec |
| Marquis de Montcalm | a french general who controlled the fort of quebec. he was surrounded by wolfe's men, so he attacked. he was killed in the siege of quebec |
| Jeffrey Amherst | he was a general appointed by pitt during the french and indian war. he blocked the french supplies at the mouth of the st. lawrence river |
| Battle of Quebec 1759 | it was a battle between the english and the french for control of n.america. during the night, half of wolfe's men climbed a cliff protecting quebec. in the morning, wolfe's men had surrounded quebec |
| Treaty of Paris 1763 | it ended the french and indian war and gave england all of the french territory in n.america |
| Pontiac's Rebellion 1763 | pontiac was the indian chief who fought the settlers moving into the mississippi valley. he believed that all white men were his enemies. amherst used smallpox to defeat him |
| Proclamation of 1763 | this proclamation was an attempt to appease the indians and to prevent further clashes on the frontier. it prohibited settlement in the area beyond the appalachians |
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