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Chronic Inflammation
USCSOM: Pathology: Chronic Inflammation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four possible outcomes of acute inflammation? | resolution, abcess formation, scarring, chronic inflammation |
| What is the most common etiology of chronic inflammation? | low-grade, smoldering response without acute inflammation responses |
| What are the stages of chronic inflammation? | infiltration by mononuclear cells, tisue destruction, attempts at healing |
| What is the key cell in chronic granulomatous reaction? | macrophages |
| What are macrophages in the liver called? | Kupffer cells |
| What are macrophages in spleen, LNs, lung called? | alveolar macrophages |
| What is the relationship between T-cells and macrophages? | recipricol relationship; they can continue to stimulate eachother |
| What is the role of plasma cells in chronic inflammation? | B-cell response; antibody response; |
| What stimulates eosinophils in chronic inflammation? | parasitic infection; IgE mediated response; eotaxin |
| What is released from eosinophil granues? | Major basic protein; toxic to paraties and epithelium |
| What do mast cells release? What response do they participate in? | histamine; anaphylaxis |
| What is chronic active inflammation? | neutrophils are found in a chronic inflammation |
| Define granulomatous inflammation. | aggregates of activated macrophages with squamous epithelioid appearance; indigestible substances |
| Characteristics of granulomatous inflammation. | T-cell response to microbes and fungi; cell-mediated responses to insoluble particles |
| What is a granuloma? | focused inflammation; macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes and plasma cells |
| What is the prototype granulomatous infection? | TB |
| What is the characteristic of foreign body granulomas? | material is too large to be phagocytosed; macrophages wall off offending agent as defense |
| What are characteristic of immune granulomas? | induce cell-mediated response; macrophages and t-cells engulf foreign agent |
| What granulomatous disease is caseous necrosis a common finding? | TB |
| What is lymphangitis? | inflammation of lymphatic channels; leukocytes and cell debris |
| What is lymphadenitis? | inflammation of the draining lymph nodes |
| What is bacteremia? | infection overwhelms lymph nodes and enters vasculature; sepsis |
| What is serous inflammation? | outpouring of watery, protein-poor fluid (effusion) |
| What is fibrinous inflammation? | extravascular fibrin accumulates in severe injury with greater vascular permeability |
| What is suppurative or purulent inflammation? | large amounts of pus; pyogenic bacteria; |
| What are abcesses? | focal localized collections of purulent tissue; usually walled by neutrophils/fibroblasts within healthy tissue |
| What is an ulceration? | local defect/excavation produced by sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue |
| What are the characteristics of SIRS? | fever, inc leukocytes, dec appetite, altered sleep patterns, acute phase proteins |
| What chemicals cause fever in acute phase response? | cytokines stimulate prostaglandin synthesis in hypothalamic thermoregulatory center |
| What are acute phase proteins? | plasma proteins from liver; C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, serum amyloid A protein |
| What type of infection is characteristic of neutrophilia? | bacterial |
| What type of infection is characteristic of lymphocytosis? | viral |
| What type of infection is characterstic of eosinophilia? | parasitic, asthma, hay fever |
| What type of infection is characteristic of leukopenia? | typhoid fever, virus, rickettsiae, protozoa |
| What is leukocytosis? | increased total WBC; 15 - 20 k |
| What is leukemoid reaction? | very high WBC count; 40 - 100k |
| What is a shift to the left? | increased release of immature WBC; inc bone marrow |
| What is the septic shock triad? | DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation), hypoglycemia, CV failure |
Created by:
jlellerm
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