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Progressive Era
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The Progressive Era | A period of time in which government officials and citizens (especially the middle class) called for reforms in business, politics, and society as a whole. Progressives aimed to fix the problems caused by the Gilded Age. |
| Child-labor Laws | Laws to prevent or limit child labor |
| Suffrage | the right to vote |
| William Jennings Bryan | United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver, supported by populists, and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school |
| Third Parties | Examples: Populists, Bull Moose. Influence: major parties will usually adopted third party ideas if they draw significant support (ex: direct election of senators) |
| Progressive Movement | an early 20th century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life |
| Muckrakers | Writers of the Progressive Era who exposed abuses and corruption in society, government, and industry |
| Upton Sinclair | This muckraker wrote "The Jungle," which exposed the truth about the US meat packing industry. Significance: This horrified the nation and led to the creation of the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act |
| Jane Addams | Established Hull House for immigrants, where they could learn English, discuss political events, & hold celebrations. Opened daycare so children weren't left home alone. Advocated against many social injustices, especially child labor & women's suffrage. |
| W.E.B. DuBois | Activist who encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation & discrimination. Helped create NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) a civil rights organization that devotes itself to progress of African American Community. |
| 17th Amendment | This amendment allows the voters in each state to elect their US senators directly |
| Theodore ("Teddy") Roosevelt | 26th U.S. President. Expanded powers of the presidency & of the federal government in support of the public interest in conflicts between big business & labor and steered the nation toward an active role in world politics, particularly in Europe & Asia. |
| Susan B. Anthony | Arrested for voting in 1872. She became a leading figure in the women's suffrage movement |
| 19th Amendment | This amendment gave women the right to vote |
| Ida Tarbell | This muckraker exposed the abuses of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust in her book "The History of the Standard Oil Company" |
| Jacob Riis | Muckraker who took pictures of tenements & overcrowded cities to expose the poor living & working conditions of immigrants. Published these pictures in book, "How the Other Half Lives". Significance: His book would lead to reform all throughout the city |
| Booker T. Washington | an African- American intellectual, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society; He was also the founder of the Tuskegee Institute |
| Referendum | The process that allows citizens to approve or reject a law passed by a legislature |
| Recall | The process by which voters can remove elected officials from office before their term ends. Significance: This decreased corruption within local governments |
| Initiative | The process in which citizens put a proposed new law directly on the ballot by collecting citizen's signatures on a petition |
| 16th Amendment | This allows the federal government to collect income tax |
| 18th Amendment | This prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages |
| The Pure Food and Drug Act | This law, passed in response to Sinclair's "The Jungle", was enacted to halt the sale of contaminated foods and drugs. It also ensured truth in labeling. |
| The Meat Inspection Act | established strict cleanliness requirements for meat-packers and created a federal meat-inspection program. |
| Settlement House | built as a place where immigrants came to live. Instruction was given in English and how to get a job. Hull House was the first settlement house founded by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889. |
| Direct Primary | Voters, rather than politicians, would choose candidates for public office. |
| Tuskegee Institute | An Institution that served to train African Americans in varying trades to help them escape oppression and achieve economic freedom |
| Populist Party | party to represent the common folk (especially farmers). Wanted unlimited coinage of silver to raise farm prices, single term limit for presidents, direct elections of senators, secret ballots, and shorter work days. |
| Ida B. Wells | co-founded NAACP, leading voice in social reform for African-Americans, spoke out against lynching |
| The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire | This fire broke out in a NYC factory and employees were trapped inside due to a lack of safety precautions. The fire killed over 200 people on the top floors. Significance: This event increased the demand for safer working conditions throughout the city |
| Clayton Antitrust Act | 1914 law that made certain monopolistic business practices illegal and protected the rights of labor unions and farm organizations. Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act |
| Plessy vs. Ferguson | This Supreme Court case ruled that de jure segregation was lawful as long as the facilities and services were "separate but equal" |
| "Jim Crow" Laws | Laws enacted by southern state and local governments to separate white and black people in public and private facilities. |
| Eugenics | the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics. |
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