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Chapter 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| subcontinent | a large landmass that is a part of a continent |
| monsoons | seasonal winds that bring heavy rains and warm air or cool, dry air |
| citadel | a fortress |
| Vedas | sacred writings about Aryan history and society |
| rajas | regional leaders in Vedic society who protected a group of villages |
| varnas | social classes that divided Vedic society into four groups |
| castes | divisions of varnas that determined what jobs one could hold and whom a person could marry |
| Hinduism | one of the world's oldest religions, practiced by most people in India today |
| reincarnation | Hindu belief that the atman (soul) will be released from the body after death and later reborn in another; also called samsara |
| karma | the sum effect of a person's deeds and actions during life |
| moksha | escape from the cycle of rebirth, considered by Hindus to be the ultimate goal of human existence |
| dharma | set of spiritual duties and obligations for Hindus |
| yoga | a series of physical and mental exercises that aid meditation |
| Jainism | religion founded by Hindus who broke away because they believed moksha could be achieved through giving up worldly goods and controlling one's actions |
| ahimsa | in Jainism, nonviolence and respect for all living things |
| Buddhism | the religion founded by the Siddhartha Gautama, which teaches the Four Noble Truths and following the Eightfold Path |
| Buddha | founder of Buddhism; translated as Enlightened One |
| Four Noble Truths | in Buddhism, the guidelines that are the essence of the Buddha's teaching; that life is suffering, that the annihilation of desires can relieve suffering, and that the way to relieve suffering is to follow the Eightfold Path |
| Eightfold Path | the Middle Way and part of the Four Noble Truths that the Buddha taught as the means to nirvana or enlightenment |
| nirvana | a state of peaceful existence, free from suffering |
| Middle Way | a life lived in moderation, avoiding extremes of comfort and discomfort in the search for enlightenment |
| loess | a fine dusty soil carried into China by desert winds |
| court | a gathering of nobles around a monarch |
| oracle bones | inscribed bits of animals bones or turtle shell that were used to seek advice from dead ancestors |
| Mandate of Heaven | principle stating that the gods would support a just ruler, but they would not allow anyone corrupt to take power |
| dynastic cycle | the rise and fall of the Chinese dynasties |
| Confucianism | a belief system based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius that stressed treating one another humanely and honoring one's family |
| Daoism | a system of ideas and beliefs based on the teachings of Chinese thinker Laozi, who believed that people should live a simple, honest life and not interfere in the course of natural events |
Created by:
tinsleylett
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