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APUSGOV Unit One
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| government | the institutions through which public policies are made for a society |
| politics | the process of determining the leaders we select and the policies they pursue |
| political participation | all the activities by which citizens attempt to influence the selection of political leaders and the policies they pursue |
| policymaking institutions | the branches of government charged with taking action on political issues |
| democracy | a system of selecting policymakers and of organizing government so that policy represents and responds to the public's preferences |
| majority rule | a principal of traditional democratic theory that requires the majority's desire to be respected in choosing among alternatives |
| minority rights | a principal of traditional democratic theory that guarantees rights to those who do not belong to majorities |
| representation | a principal of traditional democratic theory that describes the relationship between the few leaders and the many followers |
| constitution | a nation's basic law; it creates political institutions, assigns or divides powers in government, and often provides certain guarantees to citizens |
| natural rights | rights inherent in human beings, not dependent on government, which include life, liberty, and property |
| consent of the governed | the idea that government derives its authority from the people |
| limited government | the idea that certain restrictions should be placed on government to protect the natural rights of citizens |
| factions | groups that arise from the unequal distribution of property or wealth and have the potential to cause instability in government |
| separation of powers | a feature of the Constitution that requires the three branches of government to be relatively independent of each other so that one cannot control the others |
| checks and balances | features of the Constitution that require each branch of government to obtain the consent of the others for its actions |
| republic | a form of democratic government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws |
| federalism | a way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government share formal authority |
| supremacy clause | the clause in Article VI of the Constitution that makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws |
| enumerated powers | powers of the federal government that are listed explicitly in the Constitution (AKA delegated powers) |
| implied powers | powers of the federal government that go beyond those enumerated in the Constitution |
| elastic clause | the clause in Article I of the Constitution that authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers |
| full faith and credit | the clause in Article IV of the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of other states |
| extradition | a legal process whereby a state surrenders a person charged with a crime to the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed |
| privileges and immunities | the provision of the Constitution according citizens of each state the privileges of any state in which they happen to be |
| dual federalism | a system of government in which the states and the national government each remain supreme within their own spheres, each with different powers and policy responsibilities |
| cooperative federalism | a system of government in which states and the national government share powers and policy assignments |
| devolution | transferring responsibility for policies from the federal government to state and local governments |
| fiscal federalism | the pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system |
| categorical grants | federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes or categories of state and local spending |
| project grants | federal categorical grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of applications |
| formula grants | federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations |
| block grants | federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs |
| participatory democracy | a model of democracy in which citizens have the power to decide directly on policy and politicians are responsible for implementing those policy decisions |
| pluralist democracy | a model of democracy in which no one group dominates politics and organized groups compete with each other to influence policy |
| elite democracy | model of democracy in which a small number of people, usually those who are wealthy and well-educated, influence political decision making |
Created by:
missmurdough
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